a more prominent role in enhancing <strong>urban</strong> <strong>food</strong> <strong>security</strong>:Feeding city populations equitably cannot be left to market forces alone, butrequires government <strong>and</strong> civil society-auspiced intersectoral approachesinvolving agriculture, <strong>urban</strong> planning, small business, <strong>and</strong> health sectors. Suchapproaches must acknowledge complex webs of causation between global <strong>and</strong>national policies favouring industrialisation <strong>and</strong> private equity, the elimination of<strong>food</strong>-producing habitats, transformations in <strong>food</strong> retail, consumer poverty,ignorance, <strong>and</strong> anxiety (Dixon et al., 2007, p. 126).This theme is developed by Edwards (2011a & b) in arguing that while relatively smallscale <strong>and</strong> modest in comparison with major <strong>food</strong> producers, processors <strong>and</strong> suppliers,small local enterprises have the potential to grow <strong>and</strong> to prefigure the possibilities ofalternative forms of production, processing <strong>and</strong> supply:..as a reaction to the vulnerabilities of the dominant neoliberal <strong>food</strong> system basedon industrialisation, privatisation, deregulation, st<strong>and</strong>ardisation <strong>and</strong>commodification, there are a growing number of informal, localised <strong>and</strong>community-based social practices based around <strong>food</strong> appearing in Australiancities. (p. 115)They also suggest that further research is necessary to determine the long termbenefits of these local initiatives.5. What is the extent of <strong>urban</strong> agriculture in Australian cities?As stated earlier in this review, there has been no comprehensive survey of the fullrange of <strong>urban</strong> agricultural activities taking place in Australian cities, but many smallerscale <strong>and</strong> more modest studies exist of some of these practices in particular cities. Thissection reports on the extent of <strong>urban</strong> agriculture from both the academic <strong>and</strong> ‘grey’literature <strong>and</strong> pays particular attention to <strong>urban</strong> agriculture projects. There is little in theliterature that has attempted to quantify the extent of <strong>urban</strong> agriculture in privatebackyards or of informal economies around growing <strong>and</strong> ex<strong>change</strong> amongst particularsocial groups. However, it is believed, that many such gardens <strong>and</strong> social networks doexist in Australian cities as well as in smaller towns <strong>and</strong> rural areas.There is some quantifiable information relating to some aspects of <strong>urban</strong> agriculture,but given the informal <strong>and</strong> dispersed nature of <strong>urban</strong> <strong>food</strong> growing, it is difficult to knowthe volume of <strong>food</strong> being grown in Australian <strong>urban</strong> areas, or indeed, the area of l<strong>and</strong>dedicated to various forms of <strong>urban</strong> agriculture. For instance, the Stephanie Alex<strong>and</strong>erKitchen Garden project report having 265 kitchen gardens in schools across Australia(see www.kitchengardenfoundation.org). Other <strong>urban</strong> agriculture related data isavailable from the <strong>food</strong> rescue organisation, Second Bite. Their website reports on theorganisation providing 6.8 million meals across 350 community organisations, or nearly3.5 million kilograms of <strong>food</strong>. Whilst this falls into the distribution rather production endof <strong>urban</strong> agriculture, it highlights the abundance of <strong>food</strong> being diverted from waste byjust one organisation in Australia. Indeed, there are a number of organisations inAustralia engaged in <strong>food</strong> rescue – <strong>and</strong> in doing so, alleviating <strong>food</strong> in<strong>security</strong> for asector of the population whilst also preventing the waste of edible <strong>food</strong>.The Australian City Farms <strong>and</strong> Community gardens network is currently conducting asurvey to map community gardens in Australia. Whilst data on the number ofcommunity gardens is not yet available, attempts are being made to capture the extentof some of these activities. This coincides with <strong>urban</strong> <strong>food</strong> growers’ greater use of theinternet <strong>and</strong> other social media such as Twitter, blogging <strong>and</strong> Facebook, to connect,plan, distribute <strong>and</strong> share. A prime example of the creative use of social media tonetwork <strong>urban</strong> growers <strong>and</strong> foragers can be seen on the ‘Sharing Abundance’ website<strong>Urban</strong> <strong>food</strong> <strong>security</strong>, <strong>urban</strong> <strong>resilience</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>climate</strong> <strong>change</strong> 89
(http://sharingabundance.org/). Again, while yet reflected in much scholarly <strong>and</strong>academic literature, sites such as this offer a valuable window into grass rootscommunity activity that would be otherwise hard to access. Sharing Abundancesupports a number of projects, but perhaps the most interesting is the use of aninteractive map to identify <strong>and</strong> locate <strong>urban</strong> fruit trees that are accessible to the public,<strong>and</strong> a program that links tree owners with the broader community to share in theharvest when there is a glut of fruit.In the following section, <strong>and</strong> again in the absence of an extensive scholarly literature onthe extent of <strong>urban</strong> agriculture in Australia, we draw heavily one the work of Montague(2011), who conducted a comprehensive review of local government <strong>and</strong> <strong>food</strong> <strong>security</strong>on behalf of the Victorian LGA. Her report highlights a number of exampled of <strong>urban</strong>agriculture across Australia. Whilst this does not quantify the amount of <strong>food</strong> grown orvolume of <strong>urban</strong> l<strong>and</strong> in use for <strong>food</strong> growing, the report illustrates the wide range ofactivities currently underway in Australian cities of all sizes, <strong>and</strong> further, gives someindication of both the scope <strong>and</strong> the history of <strong>urban</strong> agriculture. Some of theseinitiatives reported by Montague (2011: pp.18-20) are reproduced in full next page.City of Greater D<strong>and</strong>enong: Vic<strong>Urban</strong> Meridian Development – integrated ediblel<strong>and</strong>scape into a new development. Public orchards supported by levy included in eachhousehold’s rate notice. These funds are managed through the Meridian HomeownersAssociation <strong>and</strong> pays for a community <strong>and</strong> l<strong>and</strong>scape manager to managemaintenance requirements <strong>and</strong> work with residents to create an activity program tomaintain the orchards.Morel<strong>and</strong> City Council: Ceres Farm <strong>and</strong> Market in Brunswick has been in operationfor over 20 years despite the fact that no zone for commercial agriculture exists.Baw Baw Shire: active by Design Guidelines new guidelines require that for a subdivisionto be considered ‘active by design’ the people that live there should be able tobe able to access community gardens.Swan Hill Rural City Council: as a participating Food for All Council 20052010,Swan Hill provided a range of support to the Manatunga Community Garden, anAboriginal community garden that has been operating for ten years. Council assistedthe garden group to apply for federal government grants that then enabled them toinstall water tanks <strong>and</strong> a watering system <strong>and</strong> to purchase fruit trees. Council providedsome infrastructure support in the form of framing for a greenhouse, <strong>and</strong> a barbeque soproduce could be cooked on site, <strong>and</strong> community sessions could occur to engage <strong>and</strong>involve more participants etc. The garden participants were also encouraged to visit thenearby Robinvale Community Growers Market. This provided an opportunity for thegarden to sell any excess produce. The key has been the leadership <strong>and</strong> consistencyof the person involved in running the garden <strong>and</strong> great patience in building therelationship between the FFA project <strong>and</strong> the indigenous community.Brisbane City Council: is encouraging <strong>urban</strong> agriculture <strong>and</strong> has incorporated it intohigh level planning documents such as The City Plan. This document, Our sharedvision – Living in Brisbane 2026 city-wide outcomes states ‘Food in the city: Brisbane islush with <strong>food</strong> producing gardens <strong>and</strong> city farms in parks, schools, backyards,community facilities <strong>and</strong> businesses.’City of Darebin: supports gardeners in a number of ways: discount prices on compostbin, sustainable gardening workshops; the Backyard Harvest Festival Program, <strong>and</strong> anumber of publications around sustainable <strong>and</strong> seasonal gardening.Maribyrnong City Council: has supported community gardens in a number of ways;supporting the development of a Community Garden Network; establishing a<strong>Urban</strong> <strong>food</strong> <strong>security</strong>, <strong>urban</strong> <strong>resilience</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>climate</strong> <strong>change</strong> 90
- Page 1 and 2:
Synthesis and Integrative ResearchF
- Page 3 and 4:
Published by the National Climate C
- Page 5 and 6:
ABSTRACTFood security is increasing
- Page 7 and 8:
1. a review of the literature: on n
- Page 9 and 10:
its Food for All project. This help
- Page 13 and 14:
In response to the existential thre
- Page 15 and 16:
2. OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCHFood i
- Page 17 and 18:
debates and to the more systematic
- Page 19 and 20:
organisation in the past few years.
- Page 21 and 22:
4. RESULTSIn this section we presen
- Page 23 and 24:
increasing productivity. Thus, whil
- Page 25 and 26:
people and the origins of their foo
- Page 27 and 28:
urban food supply chains. Thus, whi
- Page 29 and 30:
This logistics system is dominated
- Page 31 and 32:
Like Hodgson et al., as per definit
- Page 33 and 34:
esilient, powerful by being locally
- Page 35 and 36:
volume or even its contribution to
- Page 37:
community food growing can have on
- Page 40 and 41:
generations this history has been f
- Page 42 and 43:
a stronger focus on addressing the
- Page 44 and 45:
The third key aspect is fairness -
- Page 46 and 47:
climate (which we live and work in
- Page 48 and 49: agriculture. Eight percent is in ur
- Page 50 and 51: This concept of the ‘spaces in be
- Page 52 and 53: esearch scientist and chair of the
- Page 54 and 55: As discussed above, protection of t
- Page 56: 4.2.5 What is the extent and the im
- Page 60 and 61: no place under the panoply of pract
- Page 62 and 63: increased, the market dominance of
- Page 64 and 65: … the residents of S Park called
- Page 66 and 67: 5. CONCLUSIONSThere is growing conc
- Page 68 and 69: urban resilience. This inevitably c
- Page 70 and 71: In many respects these contrasting
- Page 72 and 73: Many interviewees of both standpoin
- Page 74 and 75: a given area. The rationale for thi
- Page 76 and 77: mapping the location of sources of
- Page 78 and 79: Australian food policy debates refl
- Page 80 and 81: APPENDIX 1: URBAN FOOD SECURITY, UR
- Page 82 and 83: IntroductionGlobally, and in Austra
- Page 84 and 85: Review methodsThis stage of the res
- Page 86 and 87: despite many of the causes of food
- Page 88 and 89: …by 2050… food production will
- Page 90 and 91: 2. How is food security (in general
- Page 92 and 93: the food security of cities, but no
- Page 94 and 95: While some see the density of devel
- Page 96 and 97: when suppliers, distributors, and c
- Page 100 and 101: community gardens webpage on the Co
- Page 102 and 103: comprehensive description of the ca
- Page 104 and 105: In both the developed and developin
- Page 106 and 107: Their review notes a significant in
- Page 108 and 109: lines of supply from often rural pl
- Page 110 and 111: 1 IntroductionCities have always be
- Page 112 and 113: Despite some attempts to curb urban
- Page 114 and 115: the Gold Coast remains a city that
- Page 116 and 117: ackyard/community gardenernot affil
- Page 118 and 119: level in local government. VicHealt
- Page 120: Figure 2: Impacts on Municipal Food
- Page 125 and 126: security I recognise that the cost
- Page 127 and 128: United States, he offered the follo
- Page 129 and 130: This vision highlights the multi-fu
- Page 131 and 132: An environmental education centre.
- Page 133 and 134: Melbourne Food ForestA Melbourne ga
- Page 135 and 136: stakeholder consultations, the repo
- Page 137 and 138: can. We sense the changes. The earl
- Page 139 and 140: half-desert environments. We’re g
- Page 141 and 142: etain its basic function and struct
- Page 143 and 144: government; and that trying to get
- Page 145 and 146: the north and the west, where it wo
- Page 147 and 148: Why do people buy so much food that
- Page 149 and 150:
urban agriculture (however broadly
- Page 151 and 152:
enefits and risks. Before we can co
- Page 153 and 154:
Another important and tangible role
- Page 155 and 156:
coast without any problems whatsoev
- Page 157 and 158:
BIBLIOGRAPHYAECOM (2011) Scoping St
- Page 159 and 160:
Burns, C. I., A. (2007). Measuring
- Page 161 and 162:
Edwards, F., & Mercer, D. (2010). M
- Page 163 and 164:
James, S. O’Neill, P. and Dimeski
- Page 165 and 166:
Millar, R., 2012, ‘Government shi
- Page 167 and 168:
Saltmarsh, N. M., J; Longhurst, N.
- Page 169 and 170:
Walker B., 2008, Resilience Thinkin