Urban food security, urban resilience and climate change - weADAPT

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYIntroductionFood security is increasingly recognised as a problem facing urban populations indeveloped countries like Australia as well as in the developing countries of the globalsouth. Recent disasters, especially floods, have highlighted the fragility of food supplylines in Australian cities.Urban food security, urban resilience and climate change is an NCCARF-fundedproject that explored urban agricultural practices through a critical review of relevantliterature and case study research in two major Australian cities. It found that urbanagriculture has the potential to play a greater role in strengthening the food security ofAustralian cities and building urban resilience in a changing climate.Challenges to food securityAnticipated climate change is likely to lead to more extreme weather events which arethe main source of these major disruptions to urban food supplies. Viability andproductivity of existing food production systems is also likely to be seriouslycompromised by local manifestations of climate change. Other challenges are:global economic change affecting the profitability and viability of manyAustralian exportsrising fuel prices affecting food transportation costsvaluable agricultural land lost to urban developmentyounger people not entering or remaining in farming (in all its forms) at thesame rate as previous generationsduopoly of major food retailers is driving down the price of many foodstuffs tothe detriment of smaller famers and producersentrenched poverty undermining the capacity of some Australians to accessnutritious foodin some remote settlements, access to nutritious food (especially fresh fruit andvegetables) is extremely poor and prices comparatively high.Objectives of the researchLed by Paul Burton from Griffith University, the project was designed to:Methodextend knowledge of the current diversity of urban agricultural practices inAustralian cities,identify the social, economic and political barriers to urban agriculture and toexplore the potential for extending its practice in the future, especially oneincreasingly affected by climate change.This study focuses on food security in Australian cities in the context of climate changethrough a critical review of good practice in Australia and beyond and an analysis of theopportunities and barriers to the expansion of these practices, especially in the face ofclimate change. It involved two complementary strands:Urban food security, urban resilience and climate change iii
1. a review of the literature: on notions of food security and related conceptssuch as food sovereignty; on current patterns of urban agriculture and itscontribution to the consumption profile of urban populations; the impact ofclimate change on these patterns of urban agriculture and on possible futurepatterns; and on broader conceptions of urban resilience and how urbanagriculture might contribute to the strengthening of resilience in cities.2. a series of interviews with practitioners and policy makers in two case studycities in Australia: Melbourne and the Gold Coast. These case study areaswere selected to reflect different historical trajectories and patterns of urbangrowing. They also reflect a different set of opportunities and constraints onthe potential for urban agriculture to play a more prominent role in thefuture.Research findingsLiterature reviewThere is increasing concern about the vulnerability of our growing cities to anumber of factors, including peak oil, global economic crises and climatechange. Each of these is likely to have profound effects on the security of urbanfood supplies. Recent disasters, especially floods, have highlighted the fragilityof food supply lines in Australian cities.As more of the world’s population lives in cities, questions of food security andfood sovereignty increasingly take on an urban dimension. While much debateis concerned with how to produce enough food for a growing urban populationand how to secure lines of supply from often rural places of production to urbanplaces of consumption, greater attention is now also being paid to theproduction of food within urban areas.Food security is typically defined in terms of access to food as well as to itsaffordability and availability. Related concepts are also used increasingly inpolicy and other debates, including food sovereignty, which promote a rightsbasedapproach to the ownership and control of food systems.The production of food within urban areas is an important component of urbanagriculture, along with systems of food processing, distribution and sale. Themanagement of waste from these processes is also an important element in thisbroad conception of urban agriculture.While the nutritional impacts of backyard and small scale food production incities may be relatively modest at present, they generate a number of otherbenefits, including the chance to become more aware of the provenance andquality of fresh fruit and vegetables, the opportunity to work with others inproducing, processing and sharing local food and the ability to use what wouldotherwise be waste products that are costly to dispose of.There is scope, therefore, for urban agriculture to make an importantcontribution to urban food security. This can in turn help build urban resilienceand sustainable forms of urban life. However, to maximise its contribution andimpact, urban agriculture must be integrated into broader food systems and intomore comprehensive programs of metropolitan planning for resilience andsustainability.Urban food security, urban resilience and climate change iv
Page 1 and 2: Synthesis and Integrative ResearchF
Page 3 and 4: Published by the National Climate C
Page 5: ABSTRACTFood security is increasing
Page 9 and 10: its Food for All project. This help
Page 13 and 14: In response to the existential thre
Page 15 and 16: 2. OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCHFood i
Page 17 and 18: debates and to the more systematic
Page 19 and 20: organisation in the past few years.
Page 21 and 22: 4. RESULTSIn this section we presen
Page 23 and 24: increasing productivity. Thus, whil
Page 25 and 26: people and the origins of their foo
Page 27 and 28: urban food supply chains. Thus, whi
Page 29 and 30: This logistics system is dominated
Page 31 and 32: Like Hodgson et al., as per definit
Page 33 and 34: esilient, powerful by being locally
Page 35 and 36: volume or even its contribution to
Page 37: community food growing can have on
Page 40 and 41: generations this history has been f
Page 42 and 43: a stronger focus on addressing the
Page 44 and 45: The third key aspect is fairness -
Page 46 and 47: climate (which we live and work in
Page 48 and 49: agriculture. Eight percent is in ur
Page 50 and 51: This concept of the ‘spaces in be
Page 52 and 53: esearch scientist and chair of the
Page 54 and 55: As discussed above, protection of t
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4.2.5 What is the extent and the im
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no place under the panoply of pract
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increased, the market dominance of
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… the residents of S Park called
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5. CONCLUSIONSThere is growing conc
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urban resilience. This inevitably c
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In many respects these contrasting
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Many interviewees of both standpoin
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a given area. The rationale for thi
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mapping the location of sources of
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Australian food policy debates refl
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APPENDIX 1: URBAN FOOD SECURITY, UR
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IntroductionGlobally, and in Austra
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Review methodsThis stage of the res
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despite many of the causes of food
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…by 2050… food production will
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2. How is food security (in general
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the food security of cities, but no
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While some see the density of devel
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when suppliers, distributors, and c
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a more prominent role in enhancing
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community gardens webpage on the Co
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comprehensive description of the ca
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In both the developed and developin
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Their review notes a significant in
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lines of supply from often rural pl
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1 IntroductionCities have always be
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Despite some attempts to curb urban
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the Gold Coast remains a city that
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ackyard/community gardenernot affil
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level in local government. VicHealt
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Figure 2: Impacts on Municipal Food
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security I recognise that the cost
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United States, he offered the follo
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This vision highlights the multi-fu
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An environmental education centre.
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Melbourne Food ForestA Melbourne ga
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stakeholder consultations, the repo
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can. We sense the changes. The earl
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half-desert environments. We’re g
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etain its basic function and struct
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government; and that trying to get
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the north and the west, where it wo
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Why do people buy so much food that
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urban agriculture (however broadly
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enefits and risks. Before we can co
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Another important and tangible role
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coast without any problems whatsoev
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BIBLIOGRAPHYAECOM (2011) Scoping St
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Burns, C. I., A. (2007). Measuring
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Edwards, F., & Mercer, D. (2010). M
Page 163 and 164:
James, S. O’Neill, P. and Dimeski
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Millar, R., 2012, ‘Government shi
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Saltmarsh, N. M., J; Longhurst, N.
Page 169 and 170:
Walker B., 2008, Resilience Thinkin
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