Table 3: <strong>Urban</strong> agricultural practices within the case study areasProductionAquaponicsBackyard gardensCommunity farmCommunity gardensGreen roofGuerrilla gardeningHydroponicsMarket GardensMicro-farmsNature stripsPermablitzesPermacultureTraining Food skill Work for the DoleProcessing Coffee productionGreen shedIndividual preservingDistribution Wholesale market Monthly <strong>food</strong> swapsCommunity nursery Seed & plant ex<strong>change</strong>sRetailFair <strong>food</strong> co-op Food ConnectFarmhouse direct Green shedPreparation Community kitchensEatingHealthy Eating: work ofhealth promotion teamsWasteBackyard composting Composting & wormCommunity garden farming workshopcompostingComposting microenterprisesEducation/ResearchPolicyArable l<strong>and</strong> scopingstudyBenefits of local <strong>food</strong>supplyCollingwood children’sfarmComposting workshopsCultivation workshopsBunyip <strong>food</strong> belt projectCity of Melbourneobesity policyFood allianceFood allianceFood garden mappingFood hub scoping studyFood sensitive planning& <strong>urban</strong> designFood supply scenariosFood for all projectFood <strong>security</strong> projectGold Coast scopingstudy for local <strong>food</strong>production & purchaseSchool gardensStreet planter boxes<strong>Urban</strong> beehives<strong>Urban</strong> <strong>food</strong> forest<strong>Urban</strong> orchardsOlive oil processingWineries<strong>Urban</strong> <strong>food</strong> mapsLocal restaurantsPermaculture storeFood bankFood rescueSecond biteFood gardens networkPermaculture systemstrainingPort Phillip <strong>urban</strong> fresh<strong>food</strong> networkSchool gardensHealthy communitiesinitiative<strong>Urban</strong> agricultureguidelinesFrom the numerous examples of <strong>urban</strong> agricultural practices taking place in bothMelbourne <strong>and</strong> Gold Coast, there are some that are worth highlighting.The highly productive market gardens <strong>and</strong> farms concentrated in Werribee to thewest, <strong>and</strong> Casey-Cardinia-Cranbourne to the south-east of Melbourne provide agood example of what can be achieved in both <strong>urban</strong> <strong>and</strong> peri-<strong>urban</strong> areas.Between them, these areas produce over half of Victoria’s annual commercialvegetable production, <strong>and</strong> 17% of the state’s fruit production (Food AllianceResilient Food Supply report).CERES Aquaponics Food Hubs ProjectAn adaptation of hydroponic farming is aquaponics, which is the integration of fishrearing into a hydroponics system, through a combination of aquaculture <strong>and</strong>hydroponics. Interviewees reported that small-scale aquaponic systems are beingestablished in a number of back gardens in Melbourne’s inner suburbs. An innovativeaquaponics project is also being piloted by CERES, the community environmentaleducation centre located on a 5-acre property adjacent to Merri Creek, in Brunswick,inner north Melbourne. A project officer described CERES as:<strong>Urban</strong> <strong>food</strong> <strong>security</strong>, <strong>urban</strong> <strong>resilience</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>climate</strong> <strong>change</strong> 121
An environmental education centre. It’s a 30-year old experiment of a communitygroup of a dozen people getting together <strong>and</strong> discussing how, in an area of thenhigh unemployment, people could come together <strong>and</strong> create jobs, or usefulthings for people to do, <strong>and</strong> turn an area of vacant, polluted l<strong>and</strong>, into acommunity park. It’s part-business, part-community, <strong>and</strong> provides spaces for allkinds of wonderful things to happen [NGO employee, Melbourne].Running at optimal efficiency, their aquaponic system ‘can produce 750 units ofvegetables per week’, <strong>and</strong> has several other design features which give it advantagesover soil-based growing:You don’t have to weed; harvesting is just pulling out the plants <strong>and</strong> chopping theroots off; it’s easy to access because it’s all raised. There’s no digging. At thecentre there will be intensive production – aquaponics or hydroponics – but therewill also be raised [soil] beds, because we want a diversity of production systems.However in our modelling those raised beds will be revenue neutral, because it’sbloody hard to make money out of conventional farming. So we modelaquaponics, because that’s what we underst<strong>and</strong> [NGO employee, Melbourne]The CERES aquaponics scheme aims to provide a replicable project, which makessmall scale <strong>urban</strong> farming financially viable, thus making it an attractive businessopportunity for <strong>urban</strong> residents. The pilot project operates on approximately 300m 2 ofl<strong>and</strong>, which is considered a small-scale commercial operation which a single personcan operate.The water is pumped through once an hour, the water goes round <strong>and</strong> round, youjust lose a bit to transpiration. It’s based on the nitrogen cycle, with the fish beingyour little fertiliser factory, <strong>and</strong> you also get to harvest them…The [plant] growthrate is huge, they grow at 34mm a day, we’re looking at a 6-week cycle, 3weeks in propagation, <strong>and</strong> 3 weeks in the grow beds, with the biological material.The greenhouse captures all its own water <strong>and</strong> all our plants are propagatedinside.The fish are stocked at a rate of 20kgs per 1000 litres. This compares to 100kgsper 1000 litres in a commercial aquaculture set-up. Here, the fish are just thecream on the top, they‘re 5% of total yield. We’re planting at 50 plants per m 2 .The plants clean the water for the fish. [Steve Mushin, CERES Aquaponicsproject]Gold Coast PermacultureGold Coast Permaculture started a few years ago with the intention of getting thecommunity involved in a micro-business opportunity. Still in its early stages, Gold CoastPermaculture has nevertheless achieved a lot, not only cultivating a variety ofvegetables using organic principles, but also operating a few bee hives <strong>and</strong> keeping 26chickens. In addition, they are forging a partnership with Gold Coast City Council, todivert part of its aquatic weeds waste into their composting facilities:We take their aquatic weed <strong>and</strong> we take their woodchip because normally they'ddump that in a tip. They tip all their aquatic weed <strong>and</strong> it's about 1200 tonnes a<strong>Urban</strong> <strong>food</strong> <strong>security</strong>, <strong>urban</strong> <strong>resilience</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>climate</strong> <strong>change</strong> 122
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Synthesis and Integrative ResearchF
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Published by the National Climate C
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ABSTRACTFood security is increasing
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1. a review of the literature: on n
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its Food for All project. This help
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In response to the existential thre
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2. OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCHFood i
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debates and to the more systematic
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organisation in the past few years.
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4. RESULTSIn this section we presen
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increasing productivity. Thus, whil
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people and the origins of their foo
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urban food supply chains. Thus, whi
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This logistics system is dominated
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Like Hodgson et al., as per definit
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esilient, powerful by being locally
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volume or even its contribution to
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community food growing can have on
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generations this history has been f
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a stronger focus on addressing the
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The third key aspect is fairness -
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climate (which we live and work in
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agriculture. Eight percent is in ur
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This concept of the ‘spaces in be
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esearch scientist and chair of the
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As discussed above, protection of t
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4.2.5 What is the extent and the im
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no place under the panoply of pract
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increased, the market dominance of
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… the residents of S Park called
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5. CONCLUSIONSThere is growing conc
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urban resilience. This inevitably c
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In many respects these contrasting
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Many interviewees of both standpoin
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a given area. The rationale for thi
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mapping the location of sources of
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Australian food policy debates refl
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- Page 82 and 83: IntroductionGlobally, and in Austra
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- Page 149 and 150: urban agriculture (however broadly
- Page 151 and 152: enefits and risks. Before we can co
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- Page 155 and 156: coast without any problems whatsoev
- Page 157 and 158: BIBLIOGRAPHYAECOM (2011) Scoping St
- Page 159 and 160: Burns, C. I., A. (2007). Measuring
- Page 161 and 162: Edwards, F., & Mercer, D. (2010). M
- Page 163 and 164: James, S. O’Neill, P. and Dimeski
- Page 165 and 166: Millar, R., 2012, ‘Government shi
- Page 167 and 168: Saltmarsh, N. M., J; Longhurst, N.
- Page 169 and 170: Walker B., 2008, Resilience Thinkin