the-evolution-of-international-security-studies

40 the driving forces behind the evolution of issequally important, is that they shape how people write about these topics.They help to shape which ontologies, epistemologies and methods carrylegitimacy, and what the societal, political and academic roles of securityscholars should be. Since we present our account as a historical narrative,these two senses will be in play throughout.The first section below presents the Kuhnian sociology of science frameworkwhich supports this type of approach. The section also describes themethodology behind the five forces framework as a combination of anempirical inductive reading of the ISS literature and a deductive analysisof the existing literature on the sociology of science and IR. The secondsection moves from this general framework to the key discussion in thestill sparse literature on the sociology of IR, a discussion which concernsthe relative merits of internal and external explanations. Having madethe call for including both, section three argues how the internal and theexternal may be further specified. The final section of the chapter consistsof a more detailed overview of the five driving forces as generalanalytical categories, in preparation for using them as the lensesthrough which to observe empirically the evolution of ISS in chapters 4to 8.A post-Kuhnian sociology of scienceThere has been no previous comprehensive analysis of the evolution ofISS that comprises the period from the mid-1940s to the new post-9/11millennium and which covers the whole gambit of ISS from traditionalStrategic Studies to Poststructuralist and Feminist approaches. Hence it isnot surprising that there is no readily available sociology of science modelespecially fitted for ISS that we could draw upon. The five driving forcesframework that we eventually decided upon was built through a combinationof two different methods. Along one track we operated empirically,deriving the forces pragmatically from our reading of the literature ofISS across six decades and spanning a large array of perspectives. In thatrespect they can be seen as inductively generated from the ISS literatureitself. These five forces were the ones, we concluded after having tried andrejected other potential candidates, which could most adequately accountfor the major conceptual movements, for continuities as well as transformations.What we present is thus the best outcome of a series of possibleforces and models.We also operated more deductively along the second methodologicaltrack, bringing to our reading both our knowledge of what have been