the-evolution-of-international-security-studies

institutionalisation 147Europe left more of a niche for Peace Research than was the case in theUS and Britain.Thinking about peace is almost as old as thinking about war, and thereare general traditions of pacifism, anti-militarism, non-violence and antiwarstretching far back and having many different roots, whether religious(Bhuddist, Christian, Hindu), political (mainly liberal and socialist) orethical (humanist). Specific institutionalisation in pursuit of peace seemsto be a largely twentieth-century phenomenon, with perhaps the earliestmanifestation being the Carnegie Endowment for InternationalPeace, founded in 1910 as a private, non-profit organisation dedicatedto advancing cooperation between nations and promoting active internationalengagement by the United States. Although there were many activistpeace movements and organisations of various sorts during the inter-waryears, the self-reflexive constitution of an academic discipline devoted tothe study of peace is a post-Second World War phenomenon that mirroredthat of Strategic Studies (Rogers, 2007: 36). Given the ‘utopian’reputation of inter-war IR, there was perhaps less need for a distinctivePeace Research until IR took its Realist turn after the Second WorldWar.The main institutionalisation of Peace Research has thus almost alltaken place since the Second World War, and not surprisingly its storyruns in rough parallel with that of Strategic Studies. It got going duringthe 1950s and 1960s as the superpower nuclear arms race was movinginto high gear, and maintained an impressive rate of growth right throughthe Cold War. It manifested itself in think-tanks, standing conferences,academic associations, journals, university departments and institutes,and even a whole university (Wiberg, 1988). Lenz founded his PeaceResearch Laboratory in St Louis in 1945, and the French Institut FrançaisPolémologie was also established that year (Rogers, 2007: 37). The longrunningPugwash Conferences, starting in 1957, stemmed from the manifestoissued in 1955 by Bertrand Russell and Albert Einstein. Pugwashaimed to bring together scientists from many countries to discuss thethreat posed to civilisation by the advent of thermonuclear weapons, andto explore, and make available to policy-makers, alternative approachesto arms control and tension reduction. In 1959 the Richardson Institutewas set up as a Peace Research centre at Lancaster University in Britain,dedicated to pioneering research in peace and conflict studies, in the spiritof the Quaker meteorologist and mathematician, Lewis Fry Richardson.The same year saw the opening of PRIO, which was followed by a seriesof other Nordic Peace Research Institutes supported by public funding: in