the-evolution-of-international-security-studies

126 the cold war challenge to national securityin the Journal of Peace Research in the 1960s and 1970s (Klausen, 1964;Höivik, 1971, 1972; Hveem, 1973, 1979). Institutionally, the convergenceof Development Studies and Peace Research was illustrated by theestablishment of PADRIGU, the Department for Peace and DevelopmentResearch, at the University of Gothenburg in 1971.Comparing Marxist Peace Research – and understanding ‘Marxist’ ascomprising both Neo-Marxist and Critical as well as softer Marxist Germanand Scandinavian approaches – to the literature on Third Worldsecurity mentioned in chapter 4, there is thus a more fundamental challengeto the Strategic Studies agenda. Those in Strategic Studies whostudied Third World security in its own right, and not just for its implicationsfor the Cold War, did for the most part not challenge the focuson national security, mainly wanting this concept to be applied to theparticular positions and problems of Third World states (Ayoob, 1984;Azar and Moon, 1988). The literature on structural violence, by contrast,took a highly critical view of the Western (and to some extent the ThirdWorld) state as the producer of Third World insecurity.Situating Marxist Peace Research within the larger story of the evolutionof ISS, it is clear that this was linked to a series of constitutive events.Themost prominent of these was the general trickling effect of decolonisationthat began in the 1940s, sometimes peacefully, sometimes not, as in thecase of the Indochina War between the French and the Viet Minh (Rogers,2007: 37); the protracted wars in Korea and Vietnam (Boulding, 1978:345; Wiberg, 1988: 44); the covert, and sometimes not so covert, USpolitical and economic involvement in Latin and South America; and theadoption of development as a key priority within the UN system morebroadly (Rogers, 2007: 40). While these events directly boosted the callsfor giving attention to the Third World, the oil crisis in 1973 became aparticular impetus to focus on the relationship between global economicsand peace/war/security, particularly in how the resource-rich parts of theThird World held a bargaining power vis-à-vis the First World.The easing of superpower confrontation in the latter part of the1960s and 1970s was also seen as opening up space for non-militarysecurity/peace concerns in Peace Research more broadly. The incomingeditors of the Journal of Conflict Resolution, Russett and Kramer,wrote in 1973 that they wanted to shift the balance a bit from the journal’straditional primary focus on international conflict, particularly thedanger of nuclear war, to ‘justice, equality, human dignity’ and ‘ecologicalbalance and control’, as ‘other problems are competing with deterrenceand disarmament studies for our attention’ (Russett and Kramer,