the-evolution-of-international-security-studies

148 the cold war challenge to national securitySweden (SIPRI, 1966), in Finland (TAPRI, 1969) and somewhat later inDenmark (COPRI, 1985). A smaller private Danish Institute for Peace andConflict Research had, however, been founded in 1965. Along somewhatsimilar lines, the Peace Research Institute Frankfurt (PRIF) was foundedin 1970 by the government of the state of Hessen as an independentfoundation. Other central West German institutes founded in the late1960s to early 1970s (Everts, 1972: 487) were the Arbeitsgemeinschaftfür Friedens- und Konfliktforschung (AFK), Bonn (1968); Arbeitsgemeinschaftfür Friedens- und Konfliktforschung, Heidelberg (1970); andProjektbereich Friedens- und Konfliktforschung, Freie Universität Berlin(1971). The Netherlands was also among the first countries to witness theestablishment of Peace Research Institutes, the Polemological Institute atthe University of Groningen in 1961 (identified by Wiberg, 1988: 39 as oneof the three early growth poles of Peace Research) and the Peace ResearchCenter, University of Nijmegen in 1965. All of these northern Europeaninstitutes had research as their main activity, and like many StrategicStudies think-tanks, usually had a practical, policy-orientated mission.They were largely government funded, though some also received outsidemoney for particular projects.The Canadian Peace Research and Education Association (CPREA) wasfounded in 1966, and 1970 saw the setting up of the UN-linked InternationalPeace Academy as an independent think-tank aimed at promotingpeace policies. The Cornell University Peace Studies Program began in1970. The Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at HamburgUniversity (IFSH) started in 1971. Also in 1971, three university departmentsfor peace and conflict research were established in Sweden, atUppsala, Gothenburg and Lund, not just to do research, but to teachpeace and conflict studies, and chairs were created and appointed at thetwo former universities in 1985 (Gleditsch, 2004: 20–21). Along similarlines, but with funding from the Society of Friends (Quakers) ratherthan the government, a Department of Peace Studies was established atBradford University in the UK in 1973, and this department grew tobecome the world’s largest university peace studies centre with 200 postgraduatestudents and five associated research institutes by 2003 (Rogers,2007: 38). The Institute for Peace Science Hiroshima University (IPSHU)started in 1975 and was the first academic research body of its kind inJapan. In general, notes Wiberg (1988: 35–37), the period of growth hasbeen around 1970 and may be attributed to the expansion of the socialsciences as a whole in the 1960s and the subsequent stagnation of the1970s.