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210 widening and deepening security1994; Weber, 1998). As chapter 5 and the section below lay out, thisimplies a concern with the construction of identity, and in the specificcontext of Feminism and gender with the often ambiguous and multifacetedarticulation of gendered subjects. Gender comes into FeministPoststructuralist focus, first, as the way in which other referent objects –states, nations or, for instance, religious groups – are gendered, that isconstituted as masculine or feminine. Feminists working in this traditionresonate with Poststructuralist and Critical Constructivist analyses whichtrace the use of gendering representations as part of their broader studyof security discourses and narratives (Campbell, 1992; Weldes, 1996).Second, gender comes into focus through an account of competing constructionsof the gendered referent object itself and of the policy spaces –or silences – that ensue (Hansen, 2001; Berman, 2003). To take the exampleof sex-trafficking in women, one of the key themes on the post-ColdWar Feminist Security Studies agenda, Feminist researchers point to theconstitution of trafficked women as either the victims of kingpins andmanipulation or as illegal migrants seeking entrance into the labourmarket of the EU (Pickup, 1998; Petersen, 2001; Berman, 2003; Aradau,2004a; Jackson, 2006). ‘Victims’ are to be assisted, although not necessarilygiven asylum, while the ‘illegal migrants’ are scheming subjects tobe deported. The key point for a Poststructuralist Feminist analysis ishere not to identify the ‘real’ representation, but to explore and criticisehow subject constructions condition how ‘women’ can appear (Hansen,2001).Yet not all those working in the field of gender and security wouldself-identity as Feminists or adopt a Tickner–Human Security–CriticalSecurity Studies or a Poststructuralist position. Expanding the scope ofFeminist/gender research in Security Studies, Caprioli (2004a) and R.Charli Carpenter (2002) argue that Feminist Security Studies has beendominated by the Tickner–Enloe approach to such an extent that quantitative,positivist and Constructivist scholarship has been marginalised.Coming from the quantitative tradition of Peace Research, Mary Caprioli(2004a) pointed to how Feminist theorists such as Sandra Harding havecalled for all methodologies to be included, and specifically to the significanceof causal analyses of how gender impacts state behaviour, forinstance in a Feminist version of the democratic peace theory that examinesthe relationship between gender equality, democracy and conflict(Keohane, 1989; Caprioli, 2000, 2003, 2004b; Caprioli and Boyer, 2001;Caprioli and Trumbore, 2003; Regan and Paskeviciute, 2003). Other quantitativestudies did not, as Caprioli, self-identify as Feminist, but adopted