the-evolution-of-international-security-studies

212 widening and deepening securitysex-trafficking across old East–West boundaries (Pickup, 1998; Petersen,2001; Berman, 2003; Aradau, 2004a; Jackson, 2006); rape as a weaponof war and other forms of wartime sexual violence (Rogers 1998; Stanley,1999; Hansen, 2001; Skjelsbæk, 2001; Denov, 2006); masculinities,peacekeeping, humanitarian intervention and post-conflict reconstructionincluding the difficulties of negotiating a traditional Feminist preferencefor non-military solutions with women’s demands for protection,particularly in the light of scandals where UN peacekeepers had kept prostitutesor committed rape (Handrahan, 2004; Higate and Henry, 2004);women and children as combatants and men as victims of sexual violence(Jones, 1994; R. C. Carpenter, 2003, 2006; Alison, 2004; Fox, 2004;Sjoberg, 2006; Sjoberg and Gentry, 2007); and the impact of the adoptionof UN Security Council Resolution 1325 on gender and security in 2000(Cohn et al., 2004). In terms of institutionalising these debates, the keyoutlets were the International Feminist Journal of Politics,publishedfrom1999, Millennium, with an anniversary special issue in 1998, Alternativesand, from the mid-2000s, Security Dialogue.Discursive security: the Copenhagen School and PoststructuralismThe Copenhagen School and its criticsThe Copenhagen School has at its core Barry Buzan and Ole Wæver,who, with different collaborators at COPRI, published books and articleson regional security complex theory (RSCT), European security, and therelationship between regions and global security (Jahn et al., 1987; Buzanet al., 1990; Buzan, 1991a; Buzan et al., 1998; Buzan and Wæver, 2003; foran overview see Huysmans, 1998a). In terms of the widening–deepeningdebate, the most distinctive contributions of the Copenhagen Schoolhave, however, been the concepts of societal security and securitisation.In keeping with the US–European difference in the extent to which theconcept of security is explicitly addressed, the Copenhagen School hasbeen much more discussed within Europe than in the US, although it hasto an increasing extent been applied to non-Western settings (Jackson,2006; Kent, 2006; Wilkinson, 2007).The concept of societal security was launched in Identity, Migrationand the New Security Agenda in Europe (Wæver et al., 1993), and initiallydeveloped in response to a series of national conflicts, most violently inthe former Yugoslavia, but also in Transylvania and the former SovietUnion (Roe, 2005). It constituted a specific sectoral addition to the earlier