the-evolution-of-international-security-studies

the cold war challenge to national security 103as distinct approaches. This literature was much smaller quantitativelyspeaking than Arms Control or Strategic Studies, yet, in the light of thechanges brought about by the end of the Cold War, it turned out to besignificant for how ISS has evolved. Had there not been a small but growingconcern with broader concepts of security in the 1980s, it is doubtfulwhether widening approaches in the 1990s could have capitalised to theextent that they did on the ending of the Cold War.To handle the several strands of opposition to Strategic Studies westructure the chapter as follows. The next section assumes that the readerhas the account of Strategic Studies and the manner in which the fiveforces drove this literature reasonably fresh in mind, and focuses onhow the two driving forces of great power politics and technology drovePeace Research and Arms Control to a different view of deterrence andmilitary technology. Since Peace Research to a large extent functionedas a mirror image/attacker, and thus centred largely on the same set ofevents as Strategic Studies, there is no particular section on this drivingforce.The third section focuses on the conceptualisation of positive peaceas integration, an expansion of the research agenda that implies botha challenge to the Realist understanding of international security anda more thorough concern with the importance of domestic cohesion.Looking to the driving forces, this research was partly spurred by a combinationof events such as the formation of NATO and the EuropeanEconomic Community, the growing density of mass media coverage, andthe impact of peace movements and civil rights movements. It was alsodriven by internal academic factors insofar as positive Peace Research drewupon a longer Idealist–Liberal tradition that makes different assumptionsabout state identities. The fourth section turns to the reformulation ofthe concept of positive peace as structural violence, a challenge to bothStrategic Studies and older Liberal Peace Research traditions driven byevents which were to a large extent also linked to great power politics(decolonisation as a longer process, the oil crisis of the early 1970s, warsin the Third World, calls for a New International Economic Order, environmentaldegradation and the student uprisings in the late 1960s) andby internal academic debates, most significantly the popularity of Marxistand post-Marxist theories in the wake of the student protests in the late1960s.The fifth section is concerned with the internal dynamics of academicdebate within Peace Research, and it examines first the debatesover whether negative, military peace/security should be privileged, or