the-evolution-of-international-security-studies

positive peace, integration and societal cohesion 119measures, arms reduction treaties and common institutional arrangements.In terms of the referent object and the sectors to which securitywas applicable there was a similarity to Strategic Studies in that militarysecurity was privileged as the object of analysis and states were constitutedas the key actors.But other Peace Researchers called for expanding the scope of analysisfrom the negative peace of war avoidance to the ‘positive peace’ studyof ‘the integration of human society’ and for considering all forms ofgroup-based conflicts, not only interstate ones (Journal of Peace Research,1964: 2). This line of Peace Research focused on the linkages betweensocietal and state-level integration and drew upon Deutsch and his conceptof security communities (Kemp, 1985: 134). Security communitiescame in two forms: amalgamated ones which involved the merger ofstates, and pluralistic ones which stopped short of institutional merger,but where processes of interstate and trans-state societal integration hadled to such commonality in values and trust that war was no longer considereda viable way to resolve conflicts (Deutsch et al., 1957). The case ofthe North Atlantic area in the 1950s became Deutsch’s primary exampleof a pluralist security community, while the European Economic Communitywas advocated by first-generation European integration theoristsas an example of a (future) amalgamated security community. Othersexamined the connections between conflict on the one hand, and communication/integrationon the other, as in Gleditsch’s studies of airlinenetworks and conflicts (Gleditsch, 1967, 1977), or the transmission ofcultural values from one country to another (Sauvant, 1976; Wilson andAl-Muhanna, 1985).Liberal Peace Research was based on the premise that individuals andnations could change their (mis)perceptions about each other, and thatenemy images were not always realistic. Peace Researchers should criticallyinterrogate the accuracy of such enemy images and governments’strategic mobilisation – or manipulation – thereof (Deutsch, 1957: 201;Loustarinen, 1989). More benignly, governments and mass media mightbe unaware of how their enemy constructions perpetuated conflicts thatcould be solved. In response, Deutsch suggested the establishment of ‘an“early warning system,” in regard to the mass-communication aspectsof interstate conflicts’ that would detect when ‘the image of a particular“enemy” country is reaching the danger point’ (Deutsch, 1957: 202).The concern with how governments and mass media produce or manipulateenemy images resonated with the long-standing United NationsEducational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) tradition