the-evolution-of-international-security-studies

246 responding to 9/11: a return to national security?the ethical implications of making such material public are (Campbell,2003; Weber, 2006a, 2006b; Beier, 2007; Dauphinée, 2007).The concern with media technology and the way in which it mayimpact the public’s understanding of war stretched back, as laid outin chapter 7, to at least the CNN-effect of the 1990–91 Gulf War, butwhat coincided with the post-9/11 age was the radical shift in the relationshipbetween producers and consumers. During the 1990–91 GulfWar, established television networks had been the dominant provider ofimages – now the ubiquity of videophones, digital cameras and laptopsmade everyone in New York on 9/11 (Möller, 2007), or in Iraq, a potentialproducer for a worldwide audience. Abu Ghraib also showed thatimages have an ability to trigger emotional responses and that there wasa need for studying processes of visual securitisation (Williams, 2003;Hansen, 2006, forthcoming; Campbell and Shapiro, 2007; Möller, 2007).In addition to photography, this literature pointed to different media andgenres as places where security policies were articulated and negotiated. 24The significance of visual representations was also brought out by theDanish Cartoon Crisis of early 2006 which, although initially drivenmore by domestic Danish debates on immigration and the status ofDanish Muslims, escalated into a global concern with Western/Islamicrelations. Interestingly, in terms of how ISS is constituted as an academicinstitution, some scholars, Der Derian and Weber prominently amongthem, incorporated documentary film making into their work and coursedesigns (http://watsoninstitute.org/globalmedia/ – last accessed 11 February2008).That Feminism had become a well-institutionalised sub-field of ISSwas shown by a significant number of analyses dealing with the GWoT.Feminists provided critical analysis of policy discourses, the way the warwas fought, the process of post-conflict reconstruction and the representationof soldiers and civilians. Those working within a discourseanalytical tradition pointed to the mobilisation of gender within the Bushadministration’s discourse and how the war against Afghanistan was legitimatedthrough references, not only to al-Qaeda and bin Laden as threatsto Western and global security, but to the plight of women living under the(non-Western, barbaric, masculine) Taleban regime (Hunt, 2002; Tickner,2002; Ferguson, 2005; Nayak, 2006; Shepherd, 2006).24 Film and television fictional shows (Croft, 2006; Debrix, 2006; Weber, 2006b; Amoore,2007; Erickson, 2007); video games (Power, 2007); murals (Lisle, 2006); museums(Sylvester, 2005; Lisle, 2007); music (Bleiker, 2006); poetry (Burke, 2000); and editorialcartoons (Diamond, 2002; Dodds, 2007; Hansen, forthcoming).