the-evolution-of-international-security-studies

104 the cold war challenge to national securitywhether positive peace should be given equal status. The analysis alsoexamines the shifts in the relative balance between positive and negativeapproaches, relating it to events and academic fashions outside PeaceResearch itself. It presents the debates over epistemology and methodologywithin Peace Research which pitched behavioural, quantitative andgame-theoretical approaches against broader normative, but still largelypositivist, perspectives.The sixth section is also driven by internal academic forces insofar asit examines the turn from the concept of peace to the concept of security.First comes a shorter section on Common Security, beforetwoseparateaccounts of how Feminist Security Studies and Poststructuralism followedon from a Peace Research agenda. The seventh and final sectionof the chapter turns to the question of institutionalisation and providesan account of how Peace Research as a whole was brought into the institutionsof academe through university education and research, journals,textbooks and associations, and how it was supported by foundations andthink-tanks.Peace Research and Arms ControlPeace Researchers questioned both the morality and the rationality ofStrategic Studies (Bull, 1968; Wiberg, 1981) and the meanings of warand peace (Galtung, 1969). They worried about the seeming co-option ofthe academic debates (and some of the debaters) by the national securitypolicies of the US in particular and the Western alliance as a whole. Therewas a monumental set of ethical questions raised by nuclear deterrence(Winters, 1986), not the least of which were the explicit leaving of one’spopulation as hostage to the other side’s nuclear weapons in policies ofMAD, and the explicit willingness to plan the mass murder of the otherside.The motives and political analysis behind this opposition varied sharplyand came in many mixtures: traditional pacifists opposed to all violence;nuclear pacifists opposed to the threat that such weapons posed to thesurvival of the human race; ideological sympathisers and fellow-travellerson the political left who saw the US as equally, or more of, a threat than theSoviet Union; strategists (working under the new topic of Arms Control)who came to think that the dangers of nuclear rivalry created a commoninterest in survival between the two superpowers; and people whoargued that the ideological struggle of the Cold War was not the only,or in some cases even the most important, international security issue