the-evolution-of-international-security-studies

institutionalisation 151of founding institutions, key forefathers, curricula, journals and associations.Benedict (1989: 91), the then associate director of the Programon Peace and International Cooperation at the MacArthur Foundation,argues nevertheless that foundations have played a major role in fundingand shaping peace studies. Focusing on the 1980s, the following foundationsare deemed crucial: Carnegie, Hewlett, W. Alton Jones, MacArthur,Rockefeller and Sloan. Reaching back to the 1970s, Wallerstein (2002: 83)holds that a small group of foundations have systematically given grants toinstitutions and researchers working in the fields of peace studies, conflictresolution, arms control, non-proliferation and regional security: Ford,MacArthur, W. Alton Jones, Rockefeller, Carnegie, Crompton, ProspectHill, Samuel Rubin, Scherman and Winston, and the Ploughshares Fund.Benedict (1989: 93) notes that of grants given by MacArthur to institutionsbetween 1985 and 1988, ‘69 percent were awarded for projects on U.S.–Soviet relations and issues of nuclear and military policy, 14 percent weredevoted to work on regional conflict, 9 percent to global issues such as thedevelopment of an international economy, and 7 percent to the process ofU.S. policymaking in peace and security’. A broader epistemological andsubstantive agenda is reflected in grants to discourse analysis, historicaland anthropological studies, global and economic change, ethnic conflict,migration and resource-based conflicts (Benedict, 1989: 94).Think-tanks have been partially covered by the discussion of universitycentres and research institutes mentioned above in that several of these(SIPRI, PRIO and COPRI for instance) have such independent institutionalidentities that they would qualify as think-tanks, although it shouldbe noted that these are think-tanks with a strong emphasis on research.Peace Research institutions would thus often engage in policy debates,but usually from the vantage point of the (left-leaning) intellectual ratherthan the policy advisor or consultant.Think-tanks which should be mentioned include the Brookings Institutionestablished in 1927 by the merger of the Institute for GovernmentResearch (1916), the Institute of Economics (1922) and a graduateschool (1924) (www.tni.org/detail˙page.phtml?&publish=Y&int02=&pub niv=&workgroup=&text06=&text03=&keywords=& lang=&text00=&text10=history-index&menu=07a – last accessed 8 December2007). Brookings associates played central roles in drafting the plans forthe UN and the Marshall Plan after the Second World War and is usuallylocated at the centre-left of the US policy spectrum. Another think-tankwith links to Arms Control is the Carnegie Endowment for InternationalPeace, which during the Cold War conducted research on the UN, founded