47.5 MB - The Whole Building Design Guide

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may significantly reduce the certainty thatDry floodproofed critical facilitiesfloodproofing will be effective. Rigorous adherenceto a periodic maintenance planmust never be considered safe foroccupancy during periods of high water;is critical to ensure proper functioning.floodproofing measures are intended onlyThe facility must have a formal, writtento reduce physical damage.plan, and people responsible for implementingthe measures must be informedand trained. These measures also dependon the timeliness and credibility of the warning. In addition,floodproofing devices often rely on flexible seals that requireperiodic maintenance and that, over time, may deteriorate andbecome ineffective. Therefore, a maintenance plan must be developedand a rigorous annual inspection and training must beconducted.Figure 2-29:Permanent watertightdoors for deep waterSOURCE: PRESRAY CORPORATIONMAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FROM Flooding2-67
Safety of occupants is a significant concern with dry floodproofedbuildings. Regardless of the degree of protectionprovided, dry floodproofed buildings should not be occupiedduring flood events, because failure or overtopping of the floodproofingmeasures is likely to cause catastrophic structuraldamage. When human intervention is required, the people responsiblefor implementing those measures remain at risk whileat the building, even if a credible warning system is in place, becauseof the many uncertainties associated with predicting theonset of flood conditions.2.3.2 RISK REDUCTION IN “V ZONES”Flood hazard areas designated as “V Zones” on FIRMs are relativelynarrow areas along open coasts and lake shores where thebase flood conditions are expected to produce 3-foot or higherwaves. V Zones, sometimes called coastal high hazard areas or specialflood hazard areas subject to high-velocity wave action, arefound on the Pacific, Gulf, and Atlantic coasts, and around theGreat Lakes.Every effort should be made to locate critical facilities outside ofV Zones, because the destructive nature of waves makes it difficultto design a building to be fully functional during and after a floodevent. This is particularly true in coastal areas subject to hurricanesurge flooding (see Section 2.3.4). However, when a decision ismade to build a critical facility in a V Zone or Coastal A Zone, thecharacteristics of the site and the nature of the flood hazards mustbe examined prior to making important design decisions.Beach front areas with sand dunes pose special problems. Manmadealterations of sand dunes are not allowed unless analysesindicate that such modifications will not increase potential flooddamage. The site modifications described in Section 2.3.1.1 thatmay be used in some A Zones to reduce flood hazards generallyare not feasible in V Zones because of wave forces and potentialerosion and scour. In particular, structural fill is not allowed as ameans to raise a building site above the flood level.The NFIP and ASCE 24 do not allow use of dry floodproofingmeasures to protect nonresidential structures in V Zones.2-68 MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FROM Flooding
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Risk Management SeriesDesign Guidef
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Any opinions, findings, conclusions
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ational during and after a major di
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TARGET AUDIENCEThis manual describe
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Appendix A contains a list of acron
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Forster, FEMA; David Godschalk, Uni
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Chapter 2- Making Critical faciliti
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2.4.6 Utility Installations .......
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4.4.8 Utility Plumbing Systems.....
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avoid them when feasible. In cases
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It then crossed Florida into the Gu
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Figure 1-2: Mississippi coast SLOSH
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isks for the facility at the propos
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m Appoint a building program manage
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-Figure 1-3: Process flow chart for
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hazards, usually refers to a buildi
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occurrence during a specified time
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ut is moderate overall. Some hazard
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words, the acceptable performance o
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prior to the onset of this level of
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1.4 REFERENCESAmerican Society of C
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MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FRO
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m Land subsidence, which increases
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valley or the presence of obstructi
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2.1.1.1 Probability of Occurrence o
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year, a very low probability flood
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m FIRMs and Flood Insurance Studies
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Figure 2-3: Riverine flood hazard z
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have been prepared by the U.S. Army
Page 62 and 63: ABFEs represent the best estimate o
Page 64 and 65: The following characteristics that
Page 66 and 67: Figure 2-7 shows the general relati
Page 68 and 69: 2.1.2.5 Hydrodynamic LoadsWater flo
Page 70 and 71: stillwater depth) and that waves pr
Page 72 and 73: Debris velocity: The velocity of th
Page 74 and 75: The most convincing evidence of the
Page 76 and 77: 2.1.3.2 Summary of the NFIP Minimum
Page 78 and 79: complished through a State permit,
Page 80 and 81: Developed through a consensus proce
Page 82 and 83: 2.2 CRITICAL FACILITIES EXPOSED TOF
Page 84 and 85: listed includes health hazards, los
Page 86 and 87: overview on performance-based desig
Page 88 and 89: Figure 2-12:Katrina’s storm surge
Page 90 and 91: Buoyancy and uplift: If below-grade
Page 92 and 93: acceptable, depending on the type o
Page 94 and 95: Metal components: Metal structural
Page 96 and 97: Emergency power generators: Generat
Page 98 and 99: Office records and police files: Wh
Page 100 and 101: 2.3 REQUIREMENTS AND BESTPRACTICES
Page 102 and 103: terior drainage (on the land side);
Page 104 and 105: Slab-on-grade foundation on structu
Page 106 and 107: and debris and ice impact loads. Fl
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Page 114 and 115: 2.3.2.1 Elevation ConsiderationsThe
Page 116 and 117: Figure 2-30:Flood hazard zones inco
Page 118 and 119: path when designing and specifying
Page 120 and 121: ular attention to underfloor utilit
Page 122 and 123: 2.3.5.4 Storage Tank InstallationsA
Page 124 and 125: 2.4.2 SITE MODIFICATIONSA plan to m
Page 126 and 127: Mobilized floodwall: This category
Page 128 and 129: methods used to move other types of
Page 130 and 131: Even if a facility is unlikely to s
Page 132 and 133: Wastewater system components become
Page 134 and 135: Emergency barriers are measures of
Page 136 and 137: 2.5 CHECKLIST FOR BUILDINGVULNERABI
Page 138 and 139: Table 2-3: Checklist for Building V
Page 146 and 147: FEMA, Protecting Building Utilities
Page 148 and 149: MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FRO
Page 150 and 151: flow is typically 6,000 to 12,000 f
Page 152 and 153: Tornado: This is a violently rotati
Page 154 and 155: Figure 3-3: Design wind speeds for
Page 156 and 157: Exposure: The characteristics of th
Page 158 and 159: Internal pressure (building pressur
Page 160 and 161: Figure 3-7:Schematic of internalpre
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Figure 3-8: Relative roof uplift pr
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larities will normally be based on
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spread in both of those storms. Pri
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and subsequent progressive failure;
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3.2 CRITICAL FACILITIES EXPOSED TOH
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Wall coverings, soffits, and large
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oof panels were applied over metal
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3.2.2 Evaluating Critical Facilitie
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Step 2: Perform a field investigati
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3.3.1.1 SiteWhen selecting land for
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schools are required to be designed
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As part of the detailed design effo
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steel. FEMA Technical Bulletin, Cor
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a window submittal should show that
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and limited uplift resistance of de
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Figure 3-23:View looking down at th
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m For buildings that have mechanica
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sionals should also specify the att
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Figure 3-31:Door sill pan flashing
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Adjustable jamb/head weatherstrippi
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E 2112 provides guidance on the des
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Soffits: Depending on the wind dire
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mph, those used for hurricane shelt
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Figure 3-47:These four ties werenev
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m Install ties as the brick is laid
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At the hospital shown in Figure 3-5
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etween the hospital and the medical
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metal panels were attached with con
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avoid blow-off. Stainless steel or
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If the roof system is fully adhered
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Figure 3-60:View of the underside o
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ities. For FMG-insured facilities,
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Figure 3-65:The original modifiedbi
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Figure 3-66:If mechanically attache
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Loads and Attachment Methods 9Infor
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Fan cowling attachment: Fans are fr
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Condenser attachment: In lieu of pl
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Boiler and exhaust stack attachment
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Figure 3-78:Collapsed hospital ligh
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Figure 3-80:The antenna tower atthi
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Table 3-3: Risk Reduction Design Me
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Table 3-3: Risk Reduction Design Me
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Chapter 4 for information on the pe
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Figure 3-83:Open walkways donot pro
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ASTM E 1996 specifies five missile
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ASCE 7 refers to ASTM E 1996 for mi
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For interior non-load-bearing mason
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m For structural metal roofs, it is
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Mechanically attached and air-press
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Figure 3-92:To avoid walkway padblo
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3.4.4.2 Mechanical PenthousesBy pla
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To enhance the wind performance of
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Mechanically attached single-ply me
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to power generation stations and by
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occupants can have bottled water pr
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Table 3-4: Recommendations for Desi
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Strong and violent tornadoes can ge
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For critical facilities located in
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Retrofitting a shelter space inside
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funds are not available for strengt
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Figure 3-106:The school’s built-u
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3.6.2 Building EnvelopeThe followin
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Shutters are typically a more econo
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semblies with laminated glass assem
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Figure 3-116:The edge nailer on top
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Figure 3-118:The antenna at thishos
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3.7 Checklist for BuildingVulnerabi
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Table 3-8: Checklist for Building V
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Table 3-8: Checklist for Building V
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3.8 References and Sources ofAdditi
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American Society for Testing and Ma
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FEMA, Attachment of Brick Veneer in
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accompanied with suggestions on pos
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Hurricane Katrina emphasized the fa
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The water supply was interrupted an
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Hancock Medical Center in Bay St. L
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Figure 4-4:Penthouse at the WestJef
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Figure 4-6:Repair of EIFS wallcover
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The primary cause of window breakag
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West Jefferson Medical Center lost
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4.2.8 Mechanical and ElectricalSyst
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covering the fill cap and all vent
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emergency communications frequently
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mary and West Jefferson Medical Cen
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4.3 EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES4.3.1 Bac
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4.3.2 Effects of FloodingThe most d
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Figure 4-17:Broken windows atD’Ib
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St. Stanislaus High School in Bay S
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4.3.6 Structural SystemsMost of the
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The St. Stanislaus High School camp
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Figure 4-27:Metal roof covering pee
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ment, especially HVAC systems, was
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Figure 4-30:Interior damage at Char
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m Doors should be designed to meet
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different, most of them require and
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4.4.3 Effects of High WindsThe high
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Figure 4-33:Jackson County EOCFigur
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them experienced significant proble
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Figure 4-37:Back Bay Fire Company#3
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Figure 4-39:Gulfport Fire Station #
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Third District Fire Station in New
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Figure 4-44:Roof damage at HancockC
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underground tank for toilets and wa
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Figure 4-47:Generator mounted atgra
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Figure 4-49:Broken communicationsma
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erate without adequate emergency po
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FISFMAFMGFMRHMGPIBCICCICULPSMEPSMOB
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Building, enclosed. A building that
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Floodway. The channel and that port
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OOpenings. Apertures or holes in th
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FEMA Mitigation ProgramscFederal fu
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Table 1: Side-by-Side of FEMA Progr
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todial care facilities (including t
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aged windows with impact-resistant
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tions, and wastewater treatment pla
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47.5 MB - The Whole Building Design Guide

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