47.5 MB - The Whole Building Design Guide

The water supply was interrupted and, in many instances, onsitesources were contaminated and could not be used for drinkingpurposes. Emergency generators and electrical switchgear equipment,as well as underground transformers flooded and were putout of commission.In several instances, communications panels and other controlswere located on the first floor and shorted out. The heat and thebuildup of humidity in New Orleans ruined the telephone connectionsand the fire alarm systems in some hospitals, even thoughfloodwaters did not contact sensitive communications equipmentdirectly.4.2.3 Effects of High WindsIn general, three types of wind damage affected the hospitals:damaged roof coverings, rooftop equipment, and windowbreakage. Damaged roof coverings that were either peeled off orpunctured by wind-borne debris exposed the interior to rainwaterpenetration and additional damage. Similarly, rooftop equipmentdisplaced by wind left unprotected roof openings exposedto rainwater penetration. Water damage ranged from saturation ofinterior surfaces, like walls and ceilings, to ruined equipment andconsiderable mold growth.Window breakage during the storm was particularly dangerous,because it allowed the penetration of rainwater, and wind that cancause pressurization in the interior. Hospital patient rooms, however,faced the greatest risks from window breakage, because manyof their occupants could not be moved away from monitors, medicalgases, and other equipment.4.2.4 Site DesignAlthough most of New Orleans is located in the lowlands that areprotected by a system of canals and levees, the hospitals were notbuilt to resist the flooding caused by levee failures. As a result ofHurricane Katrina and the failure of levees, only 3 out of morethan 20 of the city’s hospitals remained open during the storm(see Figure 4-1). Only one of these, the Touro Infirmary, was not4-6 OBSERVATIONS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF CRITICAL FACILITIES