47.5 MB - The Whole Building Design Guide

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Table 2-3: Checklist for <strong>Building</strong> Vulnerability of Flood-Prone Critical Facilities (continued)Vulnerability Sections Guidance ObservationsUtility SystemsIs the potable water supplyfor the facility protectedfrom flooding? If servedby a well, is the wellheadprotected?Is the wastewater servicefor the building protectedfrom flooding? Are anymanholes below the DFE?Is infiltration of floodwatersinto sewer lines a problem?If the site is served by anonsite system that is locatedin a flood-prone area,have backflow valves beeninstalled?Are there any abovegroundor underground tanks onthe site in flood hazardareas? Are they installedand anchored to resistflotation during the designflood? Are tank openingsand vents elevated abovethe 500-year elevationor the DFE, or otherwiseprotected to prevent entryof floodwater or exit ofproduct during a floodevent?Operators of critical facilities that depend onfresh water for continued functionality shouldlearn about the vulnerability of the local watersupply system and the system’s plans forrecovery of service in the event of a flood.Most waste lines exit buildings at the lowestelevation. Even buildings that are outside of thefloodplain can be affected by sewage backupsduring floods.Dislodged tanks become floating debristhat pose special hazards during recovery.Lost product causes environmental damage.Functionality may be impaired if tanks forheating fuel, propane, or fuel for emergencygenerators are lost or damaged.Mechanical SystemsAre air handlers, HVACsystems, ductwork, andother mechanical equipmentand systems located abovethe 500-year elevation orthe DFE? Are the vents andinlets located above floodlevel, or sealed to prevententry of floodwater?In existing buildings, utility equipment that iscritical for functionality should be relocated tohigher floors or into elevated additions.MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FROM Flooding2-97
Table 2-3: Checklist for <strong>Building</strong> Vulnerability of Flood-Prone Critical Facilities (continued)Vulnerability Sections Guidance ObservationsPlumbing and Gas SystemsAre plumbing fixtures andgas-fired equipment (meters,pilot light devices/burners,etc.) located above the 500-year elevation or the DFE?Is plumbing and gas pipingthat extends below floodlevels installed to minimizedamage?In existing buildings, utility equipment that iscritical for functionality should be relocated tohigher floors or into elevated additions.Piping that is exposed could be impacted bydebris.Electrical SystemsAre electrical systems,including backup powergenerators, panels, andprimary service equipment,located above the 500-yearelevation or the DFE?In existing buildings, utility equipment that iscritical for functionality should be relocated tohigher floors or into elevated additions.Are pieces of electricalstand-by equipment andgenerators equipped withcircuits to turn off power?Are the switches and wiringrequired for safety (minimallighting, door openers)located below the flood leveldesigned for use in damplocations?Fire Alarm SystemsIs the fire alarm systemlocated above the 500-yearelevation or the DFE?In existing buildings, utility equipment that iscritical for functionality should be relocated tohigher floors or into elevated additions.Communications and IT SystemsAre the communication/ITsystems located above the500-year elevation or theDFE?2-98 MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FROM Flooding
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Risk Management SeriesDesign Guidef
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Any opinions, findings, conclusions
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ational during and after a major di
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TARGET AUDIENCEThis manual describe
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Appendix A contains a list of acron
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Forster, FEMA; David Godschalk, Uni
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Chapter 2- Making Critical faciliti
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2.4.6 Utility Installations .......
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4.4.8 Utility Plumbing Systems.....
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avoid them when feasible. In cases
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It then crossed Florida into the Gu
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Figure 1-2: Mississippi coast SLOSH
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isks for the facility at the propos
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m Appoint a building program manage
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-Figure 1-3: Process flow chart for
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hazards, usually refers to a buildi
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occurrence during a specified time
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ut is moderate overall. Some hazard
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words, the acceptable performance o
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prior to the onset of this level of
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1.4 REFERENCESAmerican Society of C
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MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FRO
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m Land subsidence, which increases
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valley or the presence of obstructi
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2.1.1.1 Probability of Occurrence o
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year, a very low probability flood
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m FIRMs and Flood Insurance Studies
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Figure 2-3: Riverine flood hazard z
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have been prepared by the U.S. Army
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ABFEs represent the best estimate o
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The following characteristics that
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Figure 2-7 shows the general relati
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2.1.2.5 Hydrodynamic LoadsWater flo
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stillwater depth) and that waves pr
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Debris velocity: The velocity of th
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The most convincing evidence of the
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2.1.3.2 Summary of the NFIP Minimum
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complished through a State permit,
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Developed through a consensus proce
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2.2 CRITICAL FACILITIES EXPOSED TOF
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listed includes health hazards, los
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overview on performance-based desig
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Figure 2-12:Katrina’s storm surge
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Buoyancy and uplift: If below-grade
Page 92 and 93: acceptable, depending on the type o
Page 94 and 95: Metal components: Metal structural
Page 96 and 97: Emergency power generators: Generat
Page 98 and 99: Office records and police files: Wh
Page 100 and 101: 2.3 REQUIREMENTS AND BESTPRACTICES
Page 102 and 103: terior drainage (on the land side);
Page 104 and 105: Slab-on-grade foundation on structu
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Page 114 and 115: 2.3.2.1 Elevation ConsiderationsThe
Page 116 and 117: Figure 2-30:Flood hazard zones inco
Page 118 and 119: path when designing and specifying
Page 120 and 121: ular attention to underfloor utilit
Page 122 and 123: 2.3.5.4 Storage Tank InstallationsA
Page 124 and 125: 2.4.2 SITE MODIFICATIONSA plan to m
Page 126 and 127: Mobilized floodwall: This category
Page 128 and 129: methods used to move other types of
Page 130 and 131: Even if a facility is unlikely to s
Page 132 and 133: Wastewater system components become
Page 134 and 135: Emergency barriers are measures of
Page 136 and 137: 2.5 CHECKLIST FOR BUILDINGVULNERABI
Page 138 and 139: Table 2-3: Checklist for Building V
Page 146 and 147: FEMA, Protecting Building Utilities
Page 148 and 149: MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FRO
Page 150 and 151: flow is typically 6,000 to 12,000 f
Page 152 and 153: Tornado: This is a violently rotati
Page 154 and 155: Figure 3-3: Design wind speeds for
Page 156 and 157: Exposure: The characteristics of th
Page 158 and 159: Internal pressure (building pressur
Page 160 and 161: Figure 3-7:Schematic of internalpre
Page 162 and 163: Figure 3-8: Relative roof uplift pr
Page 164 and 165: larities will normally be based on
Page 166 and 167: spread in both of those storms. Pri
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Page 170 and 171: 3.2 CRITICAL FACILITIES EXPOSED TOH
Page 172 and 173: Wall coverings, soffits, and large
Page 174 and 175: oof panels were applied over metal
Page 176 and 177: 3.2.2 Evaluating Critical Facilitie
Page 178 and 179: Step 2: Perform a field investigati
Page 180 and 181: 3.3.1.1 SiteWhen selecting land for
Page 182 and 183: schools are required to be designed
Page 184 and 185: As part of the detailed design effo
Page 186 and 187: steel. FEMA Technical Bulletin, Cor
Page 188 and 189: a window submittal should show that
Page 190 and 191: and limited uplift resistance of de
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Figure 3-23:View looking down at th
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m For buildings that have mechanica
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sionals should also specify the att
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Figure 3-31:Door sill pan flashing
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Adjustable jamb/head weatherstrippi
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E 2112 provides guidance on the des
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Soffits: Depending on the wind dire
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mph, those used for hurricane shelt
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Figure 3-47:These four ties werenev
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m Install ties as the brick is laid
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At the hospital shown in Figure 3-5
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etween the hospital and the medical
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metal panels were attached with con
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avoid blow-off. Stainless steel or
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If the roof system is fully adhered
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Figure 3-60:View of the underside o
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ities. For FMG-insured facilities,
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Figure 3-65:The original modifiedbi
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Figure 3-66:If mechanically attache
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Loads and Attachment Methods 9Infor
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Fan cowling attachment: Fans are fr
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Condenser attachment: In lieu of pl
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Boiler and exhaust stack attachment
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Figure 3-78:Collapsed hospital ligh
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Figure 3-80:The antenna tower atthi
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Table 3-3: Risk Reduction Design Me
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Table 3-3: Risk Reduction Design Me
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Chapter 4 for information on the pe
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Figure 3-83:Open walkways donot pro
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ASTM E 1996 specifies five missile
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ASCE 7 refers to ASTM E 1996 for mi
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For interior non-load-bearing mason
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m For structural metal roofs, it is
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Mechanically attached and air-press
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Figure 3-92:To avoid walkway padblo
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3.4.4.2 Mechanical PenthousesBy pla
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To enhance the wind performance of
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Mechanically attached single-ply me
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to power generation stations and by
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occupants can have bottled water pr
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Table 3-4: Recommendations for Desi
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Strong and violent tornadoes can ge
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For critical facilities located in
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Retrofitting a shelter space inside
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funds are not available for strengt
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Figure 3-106:The school’s built-u
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3.6.2 Building EnvelopeThe followin
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Shutters are typically a more econo
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semblies with laminated glass assem
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Figure 3-116:The edge nailer on top
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Figure 3-118:The antenna at thishos
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3.7 Checklist for BuildingVulnerabi
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Table 3-8: Checklist for Building V
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Table 3-8: Checklist for Building V
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3.8 References and Sources ofAdditi
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American Society for Testing and Ma
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FEMA, Attachment of Brick Veneer in
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accompanied with suggestions on pos
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Hurricane Katrina emphasized the fa
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The water supply was interrupted an
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Hancock Medical Center in Bay St. L
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Figure 4-4:Penthouse at the WestJef
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Figure 4-6:Repair of EIFS wallcover
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The primary cause of window breakag
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West Jefferson Medical Center lost
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4.2.8 Mechanical and ElectricalSyst
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covering the fill cap and all vent
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emergency communications frequently
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mary and West Jefferson Medical Cen
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4.3 EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES4.3.1 Bac
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4.3.2 Effects of FloodingThe most d
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Figure 4-17:Broken windows atD’Ib
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St. Stanislaus High School in Bay S
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4.3.6 Structural SystemsMost of the
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The St. Stanislaus High School camp
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Figure 4-27:Metal roof covering pee
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ment, especially HVAC systems, was
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Figure 4-30:Interior damage at Char
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m Doors should be designed to meet
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different, most of them require and
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4.4.3 Effects of High WindsThe high
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Figure 4-33:Jackson County EOCFigur
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them experienced significant proble
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Figure 4-37:Back Bay Fire Company#3
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Figure 4-39:Gulfport Fire Station #
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Third District Fire Station in New
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Figure 4-44:Roof damage at HancockC
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underground tank for toilets and wa
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Figure 4-47:Generator mounted atgra
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Figure 4-49:Broken communicationsma
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erate without adequate emergency po
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FISFMAFMGFMRHMGPIBCICCICULPSMEPSMOB
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Building, enclosed. A building that
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Floodway. The channel and that port
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OOpenings. Apertures or holes in th
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FEMA Mitigation ProgramscFederal fu
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Table 1: Side-by-Side of FEMA Progr
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todial care facilities (including t
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aged windows with impact-resistant
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tions, and wastewater treatment pla
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