47.5 MB - The Whole Building Design Guide

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mph, those used for hurricane shelters, and to critical facilities intornado-prone regions that do not have shelter space designed inaccordance with FEMA 361.Figure 3-44:The red arrows show the original location ofa CMU wall that nearly collapsed following arolling door failure. Hurricane Charley (Florida,2004)Wall CoveringsThere are a variety of exterior wall coverings. Brick veneer, exteriorinsulation finish systems (EIFS), stucco, metal wall panels, andaluminum and vinyl siding have often exhibited poor wind performance.Veneers (such as ceramic tile and stucco) over concrete,stone veneer, and cement-fiber panels and siding have also blownoff. Wood siding and panels rarely blow off. Although tilt-up precastwalls have failed during wind storms, precast wall panelsattached to steel or concrete framed buildings typically offer excellentwind performance.Brick veneer: 8 Brick veneer is frequently blown off walls duringhigh winds. When brick veneer fails, wind-driven water can enterand damage buildings, and building occupants can be vulnerableto injury from wind-borne debris (particularly if the walls are8. The brick veneer discussion is from Attachment of Brick Veneer in High-Wind Regions - Hurricane Katrina Recovery Advisory (FEMA,December 2005).MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FROM High Wind3-59
sheathed with plastic foam insulation or wood fiberboard in lieuof wood panels). Pedestrians in the vicinity of damaged walls canalso be vulnerable to injury from falling bricks (see Figure 3-45).Common failure modes include tie (anchor) fastener pull-out(see Figure 3-46), failure of masons to embed ties into the mortar(Figure 3-47), poor bonding between ties and mortar, a mortar ofpoor quality, and tie corrosion.Figure 3-45:The brick veneer failureon this building wasattributed to tie corrosion.Hurricane Ivan (Florida,2004)Figure 3-46:This tie remainedembedded in the mortarjoint while the smooth-shanknail pulled from the stud.3-60 MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FROM High Wind
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Risk Management SeriesDesign Guidef
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Any opinions, findings, conclusions
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ational during and after a major di
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TARGET AUDIENCEThis manual describe
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Appendix A contains a list of acron
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Forster, FEMA; David Godschalk, Uni
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Chapter 2- Making Critical faciliti
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2.4.6 Utility Installations .......
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4.4.8 Utility Plumbing Systems.....
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avoid them when feasible. In cases
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It then crossed Florida into the Gu
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Figure 1-2: Mississippi coast SLOSH
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isks for the facility at the propos
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m Appoint a building program manage
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-Figure 1-3: Process flow chart for
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hazards, usually refers to a buildi
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occurrence during a specified time
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ut is moderate overall. Some hazard
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words, the acceptable performance o
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prior to the onset of this level of
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1.4 REFERENCESAmerican Society of C
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MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FRO
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m Land subsidence, which increases
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valley or the presence of obstructi
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2.1.1.1 Probability of Occurrence o
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year, a very low probability flood
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m FIRMs and Flood Insurance Studies
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Figure 2-3: Riverine flood hazard z
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have been prepared by the U.S. Army
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ABFEs represent the best estimate o
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The following characteristics that
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Figure 2-7 shows the general relati
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2.1.2.5 Hydrodynamic LoadsWater flo
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stillwater depth) and that waves pr
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Debris velocity: The velocity of th
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The most convincing evidence of the
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2.1.3.2 Summary of the NFIP Minimum
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complished through a State permit,
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Developed through a consensus proce
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2.2 CRITICAL FACILITIES EXPOSED TOF
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listed includes health hazards, los
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overview on performance-based desig
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Figure 2-12:Katrina’s storm surge
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Buoyancy and uplift: If below-grade
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acceptable, depending on the type o
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Metal components: Metal structural
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Emergency power generators: Generat
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Office records and police files: Wh
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2.3 REQUIREMENTS AND BESTPRACTICES
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terior drainage (on the land side);
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Slab-on-grade foundation on structu
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and debris and ice impact loads. Fl
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are capable of withstanding direct
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pressure, hydrodynamic loads, wave
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may significantly reduce the certai
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2.3.2.1 Elevation ConsiderationsThe
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Figure 2-30:Flood hazard zones inco
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path when designing and specifying
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ular attention to underfloor utilit
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2.3.5.4 Storage Tank InstallationsA
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2.4.2 SITE MODIFICATIONSA plan to m
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Mobilized floodwall: This category
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methods used to move other types of
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Even if a facility is unlikely to s
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Wastewater system components become
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Emergency barriers are measures of
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2.5 CHECKLIST FOR BUILDINGVULNERABI
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Table 2-3: Checklist for Building V
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FEMA, Protecting Building Utilities
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MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FRO
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flow is typically 6,000 to 12,000 f
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Tornado: This is a violently rotati
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Figure 3-3: Design wind speeds for
Page 156 and 157: Exposure: The characteristics of th
Page 158 and 159: Internal pressure (building pressur
Page 160 and 161: Figure 3-7:Schematic of internalpre
Page 162 and 163: Figure 3-8: Relative roof uplift pr
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Page 166 and 167: spread in both of those storms. Pri
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Page 170 and 171: 3.2 CRITICAL FACILITIES EXPOSED TOH
Page 172 and 173: Wall coverings, soffits, and large
Page 174 and 175: oof panels were applied over metal
Page 176 and 177: 3.2.2 Evaluating Critical Facilitie
Page 178 and 179: Step 2: Perform a field investigati
Page 180 and 181: 3.3.1.1 SiteWhen selecting land for
Page 182 and 183: schools are required to be designed
Page 184 and 185: As part of the detailed design effo
Page 186 and 187: steel. FEMA Technical Bulletin, Cor
Page 188 and 189: a window submittal should show that
Page 190 and 191: and limited uplift resistance of de
Page 192 and 193: Figure 3-23:View looking down at th
Page 194 and 195: m For buildings that have mechanica
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Page 198 and 199: Figure 3-31:Door sill pan flashing
Page 200 and 201: Adjustable jamb/head weatherstrippi
Page 202 and 203: E 2112 provides guidance on the des
Page 204 and 205: Soffits: Depending on the wind dire
Page 208 and 209: Figure 3-47:These four ties werenev
Page 210 and 211: m Install ties as the brick is laid
Page 212 and 213: At the hospital shown in Figure 3-5
Page 214 and 215: etween the hospital and the medical
Page 216 and 217: metal panels were attached with con
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Page 220 and 221: If the roof system is fully adhered
Page 222 and 223: Figure 3-60:View of the underside o
Page 224 and 225: ities. For FMG-insured facilities,
Page 226 and 227: Figure 3-65:The original modifiedbi
Page 228 and 229: Figure 3-66:If mechanically attache
Page 230 and 231: Loads and Attachment Methods 9Infor
Page 232 and 233: Fan cowling attachment: Fans are fr
Page 234 and 235: Condenser attachment: In lieu of pl
Page 236 and 237: Boiler and exhaust stack attachment
Page 238 and 239: Figure 3-78:Collapsed hospital ligh
Page 240 and 241: Figure 3-80:The antenna tower atthi
Page 242 and 243: Table 3-3: Risk Reduction Design Me
Page 244 and 245: Table 3-3: Risk Reduction Design Me
Page 246 and 247: Chapter 4 for information on the pe
Page 248 and 249: Figure 3-83:Open walkways donot pro
Page 250 and 251: ASTM E 1996 specifies five missile
Page 252 and 253: ASCE 7 refers to ASTM E 1996 for mi
Page 254 and 255: For interior non-load-bearing mason
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m For structural metal roofs, it is
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Mechanically attached and air-press
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Figure 3-92:To avoid walkway padblo
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3.4.4.2 Mechanical PenthousesBy pla
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To enhance the wind performance of
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Mechanically attached single-ply me
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to power generation stations and by
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occupants can have bottled water pr
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Table 3-4: Recommendations for Desi
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Strong and violent tornadoes can ge
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For critical facilities located in
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Retrofitting a shelter space inside
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funds are not available for strengt
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Figure 3-106:The school’s built-u
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3.6.2 Building EnvelopeThe followin
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Shutters are typically a more econo
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semblies with laminated glass assem
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Figure 3-116:The edge nailer on top
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Figure 3-118:The antenna at thishos
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3.7 Checklist for BuildingVulnerabi
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3.8 References and Sources ofAdditi
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American Society for Testing and Ma
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FEMA, Attachment of Brick Veneer in
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accompanied with suggestions on pos
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Hurricane Katrina emphasized the fa
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The water supply was interrupted an
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Hancock Medical Center in Bay St. L
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Figure 4-4:Penthouse at the WestJef
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Figure 4-6:Repair of EIFS wallcover
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The primary cause of window breakag
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West Jefferson Medical Center lost
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4.2.8 Mechanical and ElectricalSyst
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covering the fill cap and all vent
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emergency communications frequently
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mary and West Jefferson Medical Cen
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4.3 EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES4.3.1 Bac
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4.3.2 Effects of FloodingThe most d
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Figure 4-17:Broken windows atD’Ib
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St. Stanislaus High School in Bay S
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4.3.6 Structural SystemsMost of the
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The St. Stanislaus High School camp
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Figure 4-27:Metal roof covering pee
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ment, especially HVAC systems, was
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Figure 4-30:Interior damage at Char
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m Doors should be designed to meet
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different, most of them require and
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4.4.3 Effects of High WindsThe high
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Figure 4-33:Jackson County EOCFigur
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them experienced significant proble
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Figure 4-37:Back Bay Fire Company#3
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Figure 4-39:Gulfport Fire Station #
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Third District Fire Station in New
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Figure 4-44:Roof damage at HancockC
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underground tank for toilets and wa
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Figure 4-47:Generator mounted atgra
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Figure 4-49:Broken communicationsma
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erate without adequate emergency po
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FISFMAFMGFMRHMGPIBCICCICULPSMEPSMOB
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Building, enclosed. A building that
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Floodway. The channel and that port
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OOpenings. Apertures or holes in th
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FEMA Mitigation ProgramscFederal fu
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Table 1: Side-by-Side of FEMA Progr
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todial care facilities (including t
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aged windows with impact-resistant
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tions, and wastewater treatment pla
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