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emergency shelter use. Although there are a few exterior openingsthat can be breached by a storm, the hallways are generallywell protected from outside elements. It should be pointed out,however, that in situations where the roof or the exterior walls fall,interior corridor walls may collapse as well. The corridors are usuallyunfurnished and readily available for a variety of functions.They served well as safe areas during the storm, with only a few notableexceptions. At the D’Iberville High School, the corridors hadunprotected windows at each end. These windows were brokenduring the storm and it was necessary to move people into anotherbuilding. Unfortunately, there were no enclosed walkways orinterior corridors connecting the buildings, and it was necessaryto go outside into the storm to reach the other building. Similarly,when the roof structure at Lyman Elementary School shelterstarted to fail, it became necessary to take the refugees outside beforethey could reach safety in another building (see Figure 4-21).For hurricane shelter safety, it would be beneficial to have all ofthe buildings connected with enclosed corridors, to allow safermovement between buildings during a storm. Other componentsof the building envelope would have to be sufficiently resistantto wind and wind-borne debris impact to protect the occupantsand the services they need. School corridors in particular shouldeither have impact-resistant (or protected) windows or none at all.All exterior doors should also be designed to meet hurricane windloads and wind-borne debris impact requirements, as described inSection 3.4.3.1).Figure 4-21:Collapsed portion of theLyman Elementary SchoolBuildingOBSERVATIONS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF CRITICAL FACILITIES4-33
4.3.6 Structural SystemsMost of the educational facilities observed were one-story buildingswith concrete slab-on-grade foundations constructed usingconcrete masonry load-bearing walls and steel-framed roofs.The roof joists were supported either by masonry walls or steelbeams. Some facilities, like the East Hancock Elementary School,used pre-engineered systems consisting of rigid steel frames supportinga standing seam metal roof. Pass Christian Middle Schooland Saucier Elementary School used structural steel frameswith standing seam or built up roofs. St. Stanislaus High School,located on the coast, had a concrete structural frame where thefirst floor was heavily damaged by the storm surge, but the foundations,concrete structure, and the upper floors survived. This wasbecause the buildings on campus were located on higher groundthan the surrounding area.The storm surge exerted tremendous forces on the buildings in itspath, first as the water rose, and again when it receded. The forceswere strong enough to knock down exterior masonry walls, as happenedin the Northbay, Charles B. Murphy, Pass Christian, andPlaquemines Parish schools (see Figure 4-22). In most cases, themain structural components survived with little or no damage.Figure 4-22:Damaged exterior wallsat Charles B. MurphyElementary School4-34 OBSERVATIONS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF CRITICAL FACILITIES
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Risk Management SeriesDesign Guidef
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Any opinions, findings, conclusions
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ational during and after a major di
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TARGET AUDIENCEThis manual describe
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Appendix A contains a list of acron
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Forster, FEMA; David Godschalk, Uni
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Chapter 2- Making Critical faciliti
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2.4.6 Utility Installations .......
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4.4.8 Utility Plumbing Systems.....
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avoid them when feasible. In cases
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It then crossed Florida into the Gu
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Figure 1-2: Mississippi coast SLOSH
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isks for the facility at the propos
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m Appoint a building program manage
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-Figure 1-3: Process flow chart for
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hazards, usually refers to a buildi
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occurrence during a specified time
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ut is moderate overall. Some hazard
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words, the acceptable performance o
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prior to the onset of this level of
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1.4 REFERENCESAmerican Society of C
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MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FRO
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m Land subsidence, which increases
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valley or the presence of obstructi
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2.1.1.1 Probability of Occurrence o
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year, a very low probability flood
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m FIRMs and Flood Insurance Studies
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Figure 2-3: Riverine flood hazard z
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have been prepared by the U.S. Army
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ABFEs represent the best estimate o
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The following characteristics that
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Figure 2-7 shows the general relati
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2.1.2.5 Hydrodynamic LoadsWater flo
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stillwater depth) and that waves pr
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Debris velocity: The velocity of th
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The most convincing evidence of the
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2.1.3.2 Summary of the NFIP Minimum
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complished through a State permit,
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Developed through a consensus proce
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2.2 CRITICAL FACILITIES EXPOSED TOF
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listed includes health hazards, los
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overview on performance-based desig
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Figure 2-12:Katrina’s storm surge
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Buoyancy and uplift: If below-grade
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acceptable, depending on the type o
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Metal components: Metal structural
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Emergency power generators: Generat
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Office records and police files: Wh
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2.3 REQUIREMENTS AND BESTPRACTICES
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terior drainage (on the land side);
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Slab-on-grade foundation on structu
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and debris and ice impact loads. Fl
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are capable of withstanding direct
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pressure, hydrodynamic loads, wave
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may significantly reduce the certai
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2.3.2.1 Elevation ConsiderationsThe
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Figure 2-30:Flood hazard zones inco
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path when designing and specifying
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ular attention to underfloor utilit
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2.3.5.4 Storage Tank InstallationsA
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2.4.2 SITE MODIFICATIONSA plan to m
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Mobilized floodwall: This category
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methods used to move other types of
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Even if a facility is unlikely to s
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Wastewater system components become
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Emergency barriers are measures of
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2.5 CHECKLIST FOR BUILDINGVULNERABI
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Table 2-3: Checklist for Building V
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FEMA, Protecting Building Utilities
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MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FRO
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flow is typically 6,000 to 12,000 f
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Tornado: This is a violently rotati
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Figure 3-3: Design wind speeds for
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Exposure: The characteristics of th
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Internal pressure (building pressur
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Figure 3-7:Schematic of internalpre
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Figure 3-8: Relative roof uplift pr
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larities will normally be based on
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spread in both of those storms. Pri
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and subsequent progressive failure;
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3.2 CRITICAL FACILITIES EXPOSED TOH
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Wall coverings, soffits, and large
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oof panels were applied over metal
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3.2.2 Evaluating Critical Facilitie
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Step 2: Perform a field investigati
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3.3.1.1 SiteWhen selecting land for
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schools are required to be designed
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As part of the detailed design effo
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steel. FEMA Technical Bulletin, Cor
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a window submittal should show that
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and limited uplift resistance of de
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Figure 3-23:View looking down at th
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m For buildings that have mechanica
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sionals should also specify the att
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Figure 3-31:Door sill pan flashing
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Adjustable jamb/head weatherstrippi
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E 2112 provides guidance on the des
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Soffits: Depending on the wind dire
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mph, those used for hurricane shelt
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Figure 3-47:These four ties werenev
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m Install ties as the brick is laid
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At the hospital shown in Figure 3-5
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etween the hospital and the medical
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metal panels were attached with con
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avoid blow-off. Stainless steel or
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If the roof system is fully adhered
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Figure 3-60:View of the underside o
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ities. For FMG-insured facilities,
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Figure 3-65:The original modifiedbi
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Figure 3-66:If mechanically attache
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Loads and Attachment Methods 9Infor
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Fan cowling attachment: Fans are fr
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Condenser attachment: In lieu of pl
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Boiler and exhaust stack attachment
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Figure 3-78:Collapsed hospital ligh
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Figure 3-80:The antenna tower atthi
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Table 3-3: Risk Reduction Design Me
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Table 3-3: Risk Reduction Design Me
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Chapter 4 for information on the pe
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Figure 3-83:Open walkways donot pro
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ASTM E 1996 specifies five missile
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ASCE 7 refers to ASTM E 1996 for mi
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For interior non-load-bearing mason
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m For structural metal roofs, it is
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Mechanically attached and air-press
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Figure 3-92:To avoid walkway padblo
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3.4.4.2 Mechanical PenthousesBy pla
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To enhance the wind performance of
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Mechanically attached single-ply me
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to power generation stations and by
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occupants can have bottled water pr
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Table 3-4: Recommendations for Desi
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Strong and violent tornadoes can ge
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For critical facilities located in
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Retrofitting a shelter space inside
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funds are not available for strengt
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Figure 3-106:The school’s built-u
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3.6.2 Building EnvelopeThe followin
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Shutters are typically a more econo
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Page 304: FEMA, Attachment of Brick Veneer in
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Page 313 and 314: Hancock Medical Center in Bay St. L
Page 315 and 316: Figure 4-4:Penthouse at the WestJef
Page 317 and 318: Figure 4-6:Repair of EIFS wallcover
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Page 321 and 322: West Jefferson Medical Center lost
Page 323 and 324: 4.2.8 Mechanical and ElectricalSyst
Page 325 and 326: covering the fill cap and all vent
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Page 329 and 330: mary and West Jefferson Medical Cen
Page 331 and 332: 4.3 EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES4.3.1 Bac
Page 333 and 334: 4.3.2 Effects of FloodingThe most d
Page 335 and 336: Figure 4-17:Broken windows atD’Ib
Page 337: St. Stanislaus High School in Bay S
Page 341 and 342: The St. Stanislaus High School camp
Page 343 and 344: Figure 4-27:Metal roof covering pee
Page 345 and 346: ment, especially HVAC systems, was
Page 347 and 348: Figure 4-30:Interior damage at Char
Page 349 and 350: m Doors should be designed to meet
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Page 353 and 354: 4.4.3 Effects of High WindsThe high
Page 355 and 356: Figure 4-33:Jackson County EOCFigur
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Page 359 and 360: Figure 4-37:Back Bay Fire Company#3
Page 361 and 362: Figure 4-39:Gulfport Fire Station #
Page 363 and 364: Third District Fire Station in New
Page 365 and 366: Figure 4-44:Roof damage at HancockC
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Page 369 and 370: Figure 4-47:Generator mounted atgra
Page 371 and 372: Figure 4-49:Broken communicationsma
Page 373 and 374: erate without adequate emergency po
Page 375 and 376: FISFMAFMGFMRHMGPIBCICCICULPSMEPSMOB
Page 377 and 378: Building, enclosed. A building that
Page 379 and 380: Floodway. The channel and that port
Page 381 and 382: OOpenings. Apertures or holes in th
Page 383 and 384: FEMA Mitigation ProgramscFederal fu
Page 385 and 386: Table 1: Side-by-Side of FEMA Progr
Page 387 and 388: todial care facilities (including t
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aged windows with impact-resistant
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tions, and wastewater treatment pla
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