47.5 MB - The Whole Building Design Guide

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FEMA, Attachment of Brick Veneer in High-Wind Regions—Hurricane Katrina Recovery Advisory, Washington, DC, December2005.FEMA, MAT Report: Hurricane Katrina in the Gulf Coast, FEMA549, Washington, DC, July 2006.FEMA, Attachment of Rooftop Equipment in High-Wind Regions—Hurricane Katrina Recovery Advisory, Washington, DC, May 2006,rev. July 2006.FEMA, Rooftop Attachment of Lighting Protection Systems in High-Wind Regions—Hurricane Katrina Recovery Advisory, Washington,DC, May 2006, rev. July 2006.Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., NationalElectrical Safety Code, ANSI/IEE/C2, 2006.International Code Council, 2006 International Building Code,ICC IBC-2006, March 2006.McDonald, J.R. and Lea, P.A, A Study of Building Damage Causedby Wind Forces, Institute for Disaster Research, Texas TechUniversity, 1978.National Institute of Building Sciences, Building Envelope DesignGuide, Available online at www.wbdg.org/design/envelope.php.National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Researchin Construction, Wind Design Guide for Mechanically AttachedFlexible Membrane Roofs, B1049, 2005.Reinhold, Timothy A. “Calculating Wind Loads and AnchorageRequirements for Rooftop Equipment,” American Society ofHeating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers Journal,Volume 48, Number 3, March 2006.MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FROM High Wind3-157
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Risk Management SeriesDesign Guidef
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Any opinions, findings, conclusions
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ational during and after a major di
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TARGET AUDIENCEThis manual describe
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Appendix A contains a list of acron
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Forster, FEMA; David Godschalk, Uni
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Chapter 2- Making Critical faciliti
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2.4.6 Utility Installations .......
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4.4.8 Utility Plumbing Systems.....
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avoid them when feasible. In cases
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It then crossed Florida into the Gu
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Figure 1-2: Mississippi coast SLOSH
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isks for the facility at the propos
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m Appoint a building program manage
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-Figure 1-3: Process flow chart for
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hazards, usually refers to a buildi
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occurrence during a specified time
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ut is moderate overall. Some hazard
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words, the acceptable performance o
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prior to the onset of this level of
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1.4 REFERENCESAmerican Society of C
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MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FRO
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m Land subsidence, which increases
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valley or the presence of obstructi
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2.1.1.1 Probability of Occurrence o
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year, a very low probability flood
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m FIRMs and Flood Insurance Studies
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Figure 2-3: Riverine flood hazard z
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have been prepared by the U.S. Army
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ABFEs represent the best estimate o
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The following characteristics that
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Figure 2-7 shows the general relati
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2.1.2.5 Hydrodynamic LoadsWater flo
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stillwater depth) and that waves pr
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Debris velocity: The velocity of th
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The most convincing evidence of the
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2.1.3.2 Summary of the NFIP Minimum
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complished through a State permit,
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Developed through a consensus proce
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2.2 CRITICAL FACILITIES EXPOSED TOF
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listed includes health hazards, los
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overview on performance-based desig
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Figure 2-12:Katrina’s storm surge
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Buoyancy and uplift: If below-grade
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acceptable, depending on the type o
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Metal components: Metal structural
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Emergency power generators: Generat
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Office records and police files: Wh
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2.3 REQUIREMENTS AND BESTPRACTICES
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terior drainage (on the land side);
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Slab-on-grade foundation on structu
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and debris and ice impact loads. Fl
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are capable of withstanding direct
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pressure, hydrodynamic loads, wave
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may significantly reduce the certai
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2.3.2.1 Elevation ConsiderationsThe
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Figure 2-30:Flood hazard zones inco
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path when designing and specifying
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ular attention to underfloor utilit
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2.3.5.4 Storage Tank InstallationsA
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2.4.2 SITE MODIFICATIONSA plan to m
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Mobilized floodwall: This category
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methods used to move other types of
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Even if a facility is unlikely to s
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Wastewater system components become
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Emergency barriers are measures of
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2.5 CHECKLIST FOR BUILDINGVULNERABI
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Table 2-3: Checklist for Building V
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FEMA, Protecting Building Utilities
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MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FRO
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flow is typically 6,000 to 12,000 f
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Tornado: This is a violently rotati
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Figure 3-3: Design wind speeds for
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Exposure: The characteristics of th
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Internal pressure (building pressur
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Figure 3-7:Schematic of internalpre
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Figure 3-8: Relative roof uplift pr
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larities will normally be based on
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spread in both of those storms. Pri
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and subsequent progressive failure;
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3.2 CRITICAL FACILITIES EXPOSED TOH
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Wall coverings, soffits, and large
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oof panels were applied over metal
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3.2.2 Evaluating Critical Facilitie
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Step 2: Perform a field investigati
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3.3.1.1 SiteWhen selecting land for
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schools are required to be designed
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As part of the detailed design effo
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steel. FEMA Technical Bulletin, Cor
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a window submittal should show that
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and limited uplift resistance of de
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Figure 3-23:View looking down at th
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m For buildings that have mechanica
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sionals should also specify the att
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Figure 3-31:Door sill pan flashing
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Adjustable jamb/head weatherstrippi
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E 2112 provides guidance on the des
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Soffits: Depending on the wind dire
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mph, those used for hurricane shelt
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Figure 3-47:These four ties werenev
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m Install ties as the brick is laid
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At the hospital shown in Figure 3-5
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etween the hospital and the medical
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metal panels were attached with con
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avoid blow-off. Stainless steel or
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If the roof system is fully adhered
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Figure 3-60:View of the underside o
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ities. For FMG-insured facilities,
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Figure 3-65:The original modifiedbi
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Figure 3-66:If mechanically attache
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Loads and Attachment Methods 9Infor
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Fan cowling attachment: Fans are fr
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Condenser attachment: In lieu of pl
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Boiler and exhaust stack attachment
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Figure 3-78:Collapsed hospital ligh
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Figure 3-80:The antenna tower atthi
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Table 3-3: Risk Reduction Design Me
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Table 3-3: Risk Reduction Design Me
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Chapter 4 for information on the pe
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Figure 3-83:Open walkways donot pro
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ASTM E 1996 specifies five missile
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ASCE 7 refers to ASTM E 1996 for mi
Page 254 and 255: For interior non-load-bearing mason
Page 256 and 257: m For structural metal roofs, it is
Page 258 and 259: Mechanically attached and air-press
Page 260 and 261: Figure 3-92:To avoid walkway padblo
Page 262 and 263: 3.4.4.2 Mechanical PenthousesBy pla
Page 264 and 265: To enhance the wind performance of
Page 266 and 267: Mechanically attached single-ply me
Page 268 and 269: to power generation stations and by
Page 270 and 271: occupants can have bottled water pr
Page 272 and 273: Table 3-4: Recommendations for Desi
Page 274 and 275: Strong and violent tornadoes can ge
Page 276 and 277: For critical facilities located in
Page 278 and 279: Retrofitting a shelter space inside
Page 280 and 281: funds are not available for strengt
Page 282 and 283: Figure 3-106:The school’s built-u
Page 284 and 285: 3.6.2 Building EnvelopeThe followin
Page 286 and 287: Shutters are typically a more econo
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Page 290 and 291: Figure 3-116:The edge nailer on top
Page 292 and 293: Figure 3-118:The antenna at thishos
Page 294 and 295: 3.7 Checklist for BuildingVulnerabi
Page 296 and 297: Table 3-8: Checklist for Building V
Page 298 and 299: Table 3-8: Checklist for Building V
Page 300 and 301: 3.8 References and Sources ofAdditi
Page 302 and 303: American Society for Testing and Ma
Page 306 and 307: OBSERVATIONS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF
Page 308 and 309: 4.2 HEALTH CARE FACILITIES4.2.1 BAC
Page 310 and 311: m LSU Health Sciences Center (New O
Page 312 and 313: completely surrounded by water, ret
Page 314 and 315: Perhaps the most serious consequenc
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Page 318 and 319: Figure 4-7:Roof membrane startingto
Page 320 and 321: Figure 4-10:Broken windows at WestJ
Page 322 and 323: Potable water service will likely b
Page 324 and 325: Air-conditioning systems were also
Page 326 and 327: least 96 hours (4 days). Emergency
Page 328 and 329: Figure 4-14:Damaged computernetwork
Page 330 and 331: ut the line to the fire station was
Page 332 and 333: also allow them to serve as recover
Page 334 and 335: The experience of Hurricane Katrina
Page 336 and 337: storm surge flooding. The massive s
Page 338 and 339: emergency shelter use. Although the
Page 340 and 341: Designing the connections between s
Page 342 and 343: The exterior brick veneer walls at
Page 344 and 345: 4.3.8 Utility SystemsEducational fa
Page 346 and 347: variety of communications systems a
Page 348 and 349: Figure 4-31:School bus washed awayb
Page 350 and 351: 4.4 EMERGENCY RESPONSE FACILITIES4.
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approximately 4.5 feet above BFE (s
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Figure 4-35:Hancock County EOCSite
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historically caused problems in bui
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Figure 4-38:Reinforced concrete bui
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Figure 4-40:Exterior walls on theGu
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Figure 4-43:Lifted batten covers on
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Figure 4-45:Damaged apparatus baydo
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Figure 4-46:Fixed windows on NewOrl
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4.4.10 Communications SystemsIt is
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For the 2006 hurricane season, Pass
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AcronymsAAASHTOABFEADAARCASCEASTMAS
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Glossary of termsB100-year flood. S
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EErodible soil. Soil subject to wea
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Hydrostatic load. Load (pressure) i
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TTsunami. An unusually large sea wa
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grant recipients to invest in long-
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Table 1: Side-by-Side of FEMA Progr
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Damaged buildings that are in a map
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Critical facilities have been retro
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