47.5 MB - The Whole Building Design Guide

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ASTM E 1996 specifies five missile categories, A through E. The missiles are of various weightsand fired at various velocities during testing. Building type (critical or non-critical) and basicwind speed determine the missiles required for testing. Of the five missiles, the E missile hasthe greatest momentum. Missile E is required for critical facilities located where the basic windspeed is greater than or equal to 130 mph. Missile D is permitted where the basic wind speed isless than130 mph. FEMA 361 also specifies a missile for shelters. The shelter missile has muchgreater momentum than the D and E missiles, as shown below:Missile Missile Weight Impact Speed MomentumASTM E 1996—D9 pound 2x4 lumber50 feet per second(34 mph)14 lb f-s*ASTM E 1996—E9 pound 2x4 lumber80 feet per second(55 mph)22 lb f-s*FEMA 361 (Shelter Missile)15 pound 2x4 lumber147 feet per second(100 mph)68 lb f-s**lb f-s = pounds force per second3.4.3.2 Windows and SkylightsExterior glazing that is not impact-resistant (such as laminatedglass or polycarbonate) or protected by shutters is extremely susceptibleto breaking if struck by wind-borne debris. Even small,low-momentum missiles can easily break glazing that is not protected(see Figures 3-84 and 3-85). At the hospital shown inFigure 3-84, approximately 400 windows were broken. Most ofthe breakage was caused by wind-blown aggregate from the hospital’saggregate ballasted single-ply membrane roofs, and aggregatefrom built-up roofs. With broken windows, a substantial amount ofwater can be blown into a building, and the internal air pressurecan be greatly increased (as discussed in Section 3.1.3) which maydamage the interior partitions and ceilings.MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FROM High Wind3-103
Figure 3-84:Plywood panels (blackcontinuous bands) installedafter the glass spandrelpanels were broken byroof aggregate. HurricaneKatrina (Mississippi, 2005)Figure 3-85:A small piece of asphaltshingle (red arrow) brokethe window at this nursinghome. Hurricane Katrina(Mississippi, 2005)In order to minimize interior damage, the IBC, through ASCE 7,prescribes that exterior glazing in wind-borne debris regions beimpact-resistant, or be protected with an impact-resistant covering(shutters). For Category III and IV buildings in areas with a basicwind speed of 130 mph or greater, the glazing is required to resista larger momentum test missile than would Category II buildingsand Category III and IV buildings in areas with wind speeds of lessthan 130 mph.3-104 MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FROM High Wind
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Risk Management SeriesDesign Guidef
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Any opinions, findings, conclusions
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ational during and after a major di
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TARGET AUDIENCEThis manual describe
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Appendix A contains a list of acron
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Forster, FEMA; David Godschalk, Uni
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Chapter 2- Making Critical faciliti
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2.4.6 Utility Installations .......
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4.4.8 Utility Plumbing Systems.....
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avoid them when feasible. In cases
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It then crossed Florida into the Gu
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Figure 1-2: Mississippi coast SLOSH
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isks for the facility at the propos
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m Appoint a building program manage
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-Figure 1-3: Process flow chart for
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hazards, usually refers to a buildi
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occurrence during a specified time
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ut is moderate overall. Some hazard
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words, the acceptable performance o
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prior to the onset of this level of
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1.4 REFERENCESAmerican Society of C
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MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FRO
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m Land subsidence, which increases
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valley or the presence of obstructi
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2.1.1.1 Probability of Occurrence o
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year, a very low probability flood
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m FIRMs and Flood Insurance Studies
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Figure 2-3: Riverine flood hazard z
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have been prepared by the U.S. Army
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ABFEs represent the best estimate o
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The following characteristics that
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Figure 2-7 shows the general relati
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2.1.2.5 Hydrodynamic LoadsWater flo
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stillwater depth) and that waves pr
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Debris velocity: The velocity of th
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The most convincing evidence of the
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2.1.3.2 Summary of the NFIP Minimum
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complished through a State permit,
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Developed through a consensus proce
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2.2 CRITICAL FACILITIES EXPOSED TOF
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listed includes health hazards, los
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overview on performance-based desig
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Figure 2-12:Katrina’s storm surge
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Buoyancy and uplift: If below-grade
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acceptable, depending on the type o
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Metal components: Metal structural
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Emergency power generators: Generat
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Office records and police files: Wh
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2.3 REQUIREMENTS AND BESTPRACTICES
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terior drainage (on the land side);
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Slab-on-grade foundation on structu
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and debris and ice impact loads. Fl
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are capable of withstanding direct
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pressure, hydrodynamic loads, wave
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may significantly reduce the certai
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2.3.2.1 Elevation ConsiderationsThe
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Figure 2-30:Flood hazard zones inco
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path when designing and specifying
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ular attention to underfloor utilit
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2.3.5.4 Storage Tank InstallationsA
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2.4.2 SITE MODIFICATIONSA plan to m
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Mobilized floodwall: This category
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methods used to move other types of
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Even if a facility is unlikely to s
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Wastewater system components become
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Emergency barriers are measures of
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2.5 CHECKLIST FOR BUILDINGVULNERABI
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Table 2-3: Checklist for Building V
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FEMA, Protecting Building Utilities
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MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FRO
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flow is typically 6,000 to 12,000 f
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Tornado: This is a violently rotati
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Figure 3-3: Design wind speeds for
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Exposure: The characteristics of th
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Internal pressure (building pressur
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Figure 3-7:Schematic of internalpre
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Figure 3-8: Relative roof uplift pr
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larities will normally be based on
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spread in both of those storms. Pri
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and subsequent progressive failure;
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3.2 CRITICAL FACILITIES EXPOSED TOH
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Wall coverings, soffits, and large
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oof panels were applied over metal
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3.2.2 Evaluating Critical Facilitie
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Step 2: Perform a field investigati
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3.3.1.1 SiteWhen selecting land for
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schools are required to be designed
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As part of the detailed design effo
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steel. FEMA Technical Bulletin, Cor
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a window submittal should show that
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and limited uplift resistance of de
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Figure 3-23:View looking down at th
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m For buildings that have mechanica
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sionals should also specify the att
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Figure 3-31:Door sill pan flashing
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Page 204 and 205: Soffits: Depending on the wind dire
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Page 208 and 209: Figure 3-47:These four ties werenev
Page 210 and 211: m Install ties as the brick is laid
Page 212 and 213: At the hospital shown in Figure 3-5
Page 214 and 215: etween the hospital and the medical
Page 216 and 217: metal panels were attached with con
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Page 220 and 221: If the roof system is fully adhered
Page 222 and 223: Figure 3-60:View of the underside o
Page 224 and 225: ities. For FMG-insured facilities,
Page 226 and 227: Figure 3-65:The original modifiedbi
Page 228 and 229: Figure 3-66:If mechanically attache
Page 230 and 231: Loads and Attachment Methods 9Infor
Page 232 and 233: Fan cowling attachment: Fans are fr
Page 234 and 235: Condenser attachment: In lieu of pl
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Page 238 and 239: Figure 3-78:Collapsed hospital ligh
Page 240 and 241: Figure 3-80:The antenna tower atthi
Page 242 and 243: Table 3-3: Risk Reduction Design Me
Page 244 and 245: Table 3-3: Risk Reduction Design Me
Page 246 and 247: Chapter 4 for information on the pe
Page 248 and 249: Figure 3-83:Open walkways donot pro
Page 252 and 253: ASCE 7 refers to ASTM E 1996 for mi
Page 254 and 255: For interior non-load-bearing mason
Page 256 and 257: m For structural metal roofs, it is
Page 258 and 259: Mechanically attached and air-press
Page 260 and 261: Figure 3-92:To avoid walkway padblo
Page 262 and 263: 3.4.4.2 Mechanical PenthousesBy pla
Page 264 and 265: To enhance the wind performance of
Page 266 and 267: Mechanically attached single-ply me
Page 268 and 269: to power generation stations and by
Page 270 and 271: occupants can have bottled water pr
Page 272 and 273: Table 3-4: Recommendations for Desi
Page 274 and 275: Strong and violent tornadoes can ge
Page 276 and 277: For critical facilities located in
Page 278 and 279: Retrofitting a shelter space inside
Page 280 and 281: funds are not available for strengt
Page 282 and 283: Figure 3-106:The school’s built-u
Page 284 and 285: 3.6.2 Building EnvelopeThe followin
Page 286 and 287: Shutters are typically a more econo
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Page 290 and 291: Figure 3-116:The edge nailer on top
Page 292 and 293: Figure 3-118:The antenna at thishos
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Page 296 and 297: Table 3-8: Checklist for Building V
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3.8 References and Sources ofAdditi
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American Society for Testing and Ma
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FEMA, Attachment of Brick Veneer in
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accompanied with suggestions on pos
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Hurricane Katrina emphasized the fa
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The water supply was interrupted an
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Hancock Medical Center in Bay St. L
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Figure 4-4:Penthouse at the WestJef
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Figure 4-6:Repair of EIFS wallcover
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The primary cause of window breakag
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West Jefferson Medical Center lost
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4.2.8 Mechanical and ElectricalSyst
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covering the fill cap and all vent
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emergency communications frequently
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mary and West Jefferson Medical Cen
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4.3 EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES4.3.1 Bac
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4.3.2 Effects of FloodingThe most d
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Figure 4-17:Broken windows atD’Ib
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St. Stanislaus High School in Bay S
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4.3.6 Structural SystemsMost of the
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The St. Stanislaus High School camp
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Figure 4-27:Metal roof covering pee
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ment, especially HVAC systems, was
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Figure 4-30:Interior damage at Char
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m Doors should be designed to meet
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different, most of them require and
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4.4.3 Effects of High WindsThe high
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Figure 4-33:Jackson County EOCFigur
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them experienced significant proble
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Figure 4-37:Back Bay Fire Company#3
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Figure 4-39:Gulfport Fire Station #
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Third District Fire Station in New
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Figure 4-44:Roof damage at HancockC
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underground tank for toilets and wa
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Figure 4-47:Generator mounted atgra
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Figure 4-49:Broken communicationsma
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erate without adequate emergency po
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FISFMAFMGFMRHMGPIBCICCICULPSMEPSMOB
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Building, enclosed. A building that
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Floodway. The channel and that port
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OOpenings. Apertures or holes in th
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FEMA Mitigation ProgramscFederal fu
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Table 1: Side-by-Side of FEMA Progr
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todial care facilities (including t
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aged windows with impact-resistant
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tions, and wastewater treatment pla
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47.5 MB - The Whole Building Design Guide

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