47.5 MB - The Whole Building Design Guide

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ORGANIZATION AND CONTENTSThis manual is divided into four main chapters.Chapter 1 presents an overview of the principal design considerationsto help owners, managers, and designers whendetermining the location, building characteristics, and hazard resistanceof critical facilities. It outlines the basic principles anddesign tools for improving the safety of critical facilities exposedto flooding and high winds. It also provides guidelines for facilitymanagers and building professionals on how to coordinate theprocess of planning and design of critical facilities.Chapter 2 discusses the nature of flood forces and their effectson buildings. It outlines the procedures for risk assessment,and describes current mitigation methods for reducing the effectsof flooding. It underlines the need to avoid high-risk areasfor the construction of new critical facilities, and encouragesthe application of mitigation measures when critical facilitiesmust remain in high-risk areas. This chapter provides extensivereview of the requirements of the National Flood InsuranceProgram (NFIP), model building codes and other standards,as well as new FEMA policy updates resulting from the experiencesof Hurricanes Katrina and Rita.Chapter 3 discusses the effects of wind forces on the structuraland nonstructural building components of critical facilities. By reviewingnumerous examples of wind-induced damage to thesefacilities, it points out the best practices pertaining to new constructionand rehabilitation of existing facilities. It concentrateson building components most critical for protecting the uninterruptedoperation of critical facilities and provides detailedguidelines for improving their design and construction in hurricane-and tornado-prone areas.Chapter 4 discusses the performance of hospital, schools, andemergency response facilities (i.e., EOCs, and police and firerescue stations) during Hurricane Katrina. This chapter emphasizesthe lessons learned about the adverse effects on thefunctionality of critical facilities arising from damage to buildingsand contents, especially the ways that various types of physicaldamage disrupted their operations.Foreword AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Appendix A contains a list of acronyms and Appendix B contains aglossary of terms that appear in this manual. Appendix C containsan overview of the FEMA grant programs available for fundingconstruction or rehabilitation of critical facilities.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe preparation of this document was sponsored by FEMARegion IV. It has been developed based on the work of several recentpublications (as listed below), new insights from the KatrinaMitigation Assessment Teams in the field, and other sources of informationon Hurricane Katrina. The principal and contributingauthors of the following documents are gratefully acknowledged:FEMA 424, Design Guide for Improving School Safety in Earthquakes,Floods, and High Winds; FEMA 489, Mitigation Assessment TeamReport for Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Florida; FEMA RegionIV, Hurricane Mitigation: A Handbook for Public Facilities; FEMARegion X, Earthquake Hazard Mitigation Handbook for PublicFacilities; Structural Engineers Association of Washington (SEAW)Commentary on Wind Provisions (Volumes 1 and 2); and other referencedocuments presented in Chapter 1.For this manual, the following individuals are acknowledged:Authors:Rebecca C. Quinn, RCQuinn Consulting, Inc.Thomas L. Smith, TLSmith ConsultingBogdan Srdanovic, URSWilliam Coulbourne, URSJon Heintz, ATCLisa Scola, PBS&JWilbur H. Tusler, ConsultantDouglas A. Ramirez, PBS&JviForeword AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Page 1 and 2: Risk Management SeriesDesign Guidef
Page 3 and 4: Any opinions, findings, conclusions
Page 5 and 6: ational during and after a major di
Page 7: TARGET AUDIENCEThis manual describe
Page 11 and 12: Forster, FEMA; David Godschalk, Uni
Page 13 and 14: Chapter 2- Making Critical faciliti
Page 15: 2.4.6 Utility Installations .......
Page 19 and 20: 4.4.8 Utility Plumbing Systems.....
Page 21 and 22: avoid them when feasible. In cases
Page 23 and 24: It then crossed Florida into the Gu
Page 25: Figure 1-2: Mississippi coast SLOSH
Page 28 and 29: isks for the facility at the propos
Page 30 and 31: m Appoint a building program manage
Page 32 and 33: -Figure 1-3: Process flow chart for
Page 34 and 35: hazards, usually refers to a buildi
Page 36 and 37: occurrence during a specified time
Page 38 and 39: ut is moderate overall. Some hazard
Page 40 and 41: words, the acceptable performance o
Page 42 and 43: prior to the onset of this level of
Page 44 and 45: 1.4 REFERENCESAmerican Society of C
Page 46 and 47: MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FRO
Page 48 and 49: m Land subsidence, which increases
Page 50 and 51: valley or the presence of obstructi
Page 52 and 53: 2.1.1.1 Probability of Occurrence o
Page 54 and 55: year, a very low probability flood
Page 56 and 57: m FIRMs and Flood Insurance Studies
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Figure 2-3: Riverine flood hazard z
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have been prepared by the U.S. Army
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ABFEs represent the best estimate o
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The following characteristics that
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Figure 2-7 shows the general relati
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2.1.2.5 Hydrodynamic LoadsWater flo
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stillwater depth) and that waves pr
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Debris velocity: The velocity of th
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The most convincing evidence of the
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2.1.3.2 Summary of the NFIP Minimum
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complished through a State permit,
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Developed through a consensus proce
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2.2 CRITICAL FACILITIES EXPOSED TOF
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listed includes health hazards, los
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overview on performance-based desig
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Figure 2-12:Katrina’s storm surge
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Buoyancy and uplift: If below-grade
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acceptable, depending on the type o
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Metal components: Metal structural
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Emergency power generators: Generat
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Office records and police files: Wh
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2.3 REQUIREMENTS AND BESTPRACTICES
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terior drainage (on the land side);
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Slab-on-grade foundation on structu
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and debris and ice impact loads. Fl
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are capable of withstanding direct
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pressure, hydrodynamic loads, wave
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may significantly reduce the certai
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2.3.2.1 Elevation ConsiderationsThe
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Figure 2-30:Flood hazard zones inco
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path when designing and specifying
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ular attention to underfloor utilit
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2.3.5.4 Storage Tank InstallationsA
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2.4.2 SITE MODIFICATIONSA plan to m
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Mobilized floodwall: This category
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methods used to move other types of
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Even if a facility is unlikely to s
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Wastewater system components become
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Emergency barriers are measures of
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2.5 CHECKLIST FOR BUILDINGVULNERABI
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Table 2-3: Checklist for Building V
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FEMA, Protecting Building Utilities
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MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FRO
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flow is typically 6,000 to 12,000 f
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Tornado: This is a violently rotati
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Figure 3-3: Design wind speeds for
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Exposure: The characteristics of th
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Internal pressure (building pressur
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Figure 3-7:Schematic of internalpre
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Figure 3-8: Relative roof uplift pr
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larities will normally be based on
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spread in both of those storms. Pri
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and subsequent progressive failure;
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3.2 CRITICAL FACILITIES EXPOSED TOH
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Wall coverings, soffits, and large
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oof panels were applied over metal
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3.2.2 Evaluating Critical Facilitie
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Step 2: Perform a field investigati
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3.3.1.1 SiteWhen selecting land for
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schools are required to be designed
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As part of the detailed design effo
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steel. FEMA Technical Bulletin, Cor
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a window submittal should show that
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and limited uplift resistance of de
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Figure 3-23:View looking down at th
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m For buildings that have mechanica
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sionals should also specify the att
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Figure 3-31:Door sill pan flashing
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Adjustable jamb/head weatherstrippi
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E 2112 provides guidance on the des
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Soffits: Depending on the wind dire
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mph, those used for hurricane shelt
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Figure 3-47:These four ties werenev
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m Install ties as the brick is laid
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At the hospital shown in Figure 3-5
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etween the hospital and the medical
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metal panels were attached with con
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avoid blow-off. Stainless steel or
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If the roof system is fully adhered
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Figure 3-60:View of the underside o
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ities. For FMG-insured facilities,
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Figure 3-65:The original modifiedbi
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Figure 3-66:If mechanically attache
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Loads and Attachment Methods 9Infor
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Fan cowling attachment: Fans are fr
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Condenser attachment: In lieu of pl
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Boiler and exhaust stack attachment
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Figure 3-78:Collapsed hospital ligh
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Figure 3-80:The antenna tower atthi
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Table 3-3: Risk Reduction Design Me
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Table 3-3: Risk Reduction Design Me
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Chapter 4 for information on the pe
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Figure 3-83:Open walkways donot pro
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ASTM E 1996 specifies five missile
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ASCE 7 refers to ASTM E 1996 for mi
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For interior non-load-bearing mason
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m For structural metal roofs, it is
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Mechanically attached and air-press
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Figure 3-92:To avoid walkway padblo
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3.4.4.2 Mechanical PenthousesBy pla
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To enhance the wind performance of
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Mechanically attached single-ply me
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to power generation stations and by
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occupants can have bottled water pr
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Table 3-4: Recommendations for Desi
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Strong and violent tornadoes can ge
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For critical facilities located in
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Retrofitting a shelter space inside
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funds are not available for strengt
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Figure 3-106:The school’s built-u
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3.6.2 Building EnvelopeThe followin
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Shutters are typically a more econo
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semblies with laminated glass assem
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Figure 3-116:The edge nailer on top
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Figure 3-118:The antenna at thishos
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3.7 Checklist for BuildingVulnerabi
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3.8 References and Sources ofAdditi
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American Society for Testing and Ma
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FEMA, Attachment of Brick Veneer in
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accompanied with suggestions on pos
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Hurricane Katrina emphasized the fa
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The water supply was interrupted an
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Hancock Medical Center in Bay St. L
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Figure 4-4:Penthouse at the WestJef
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Figure 4-6:Repair of EIFS wallcover
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The primary cause of window breakag
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West Jefferson Medical Center lost
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4.2.8 Mechanical and ElectricalSyst
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covering the fill cap and all vent
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emergency communications frequently
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mary and West Jefferson Medical Cen
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4.3 EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES4.3.1 Bac
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4.3.2 Effects of FloodingThe most d
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Figure 4-17:Broken windows atD’Ib
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St. Stanislaus High School in Bay S
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4.3.6 Structural SystemsMost of the
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The St. Stanislaus High School camp
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Figure 4-27:Metal roof covering pee
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ment, especially HVAC systems, was
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Figure 4-30:Interior damage at Char
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m Doors should be designed to meet
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different, most of them require and
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4.4.3 Effects of High WindsThe high
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Figure 4-33:Jackson County EOCFigur
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them experienced significant proble
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Figure 4-37:Back Bay Fire Company#3
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Figure 4-39:Gulfport Fire Station #
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Third District Fire Station in New
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Figure 4-44:Roof damage at HancockC
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underground tank for toilets and wa
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Figure 4-47:Generator mounted atgra
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Figure 4-49:Broken communicationsma
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erate without adequate emergency po
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FISFMAFMGFMRHMGPIBCICCICULPSMEPSMOB
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Building, enclosed. A building that
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Floodway. The channel and that port
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OOpenings. Apertures or holes in th
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FEMA Mitigation ProgramscFederal fu
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Table 1: Side-by-Side of FEMA Progr
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todial care facilities (including t
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aged windows with impact-resistant
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tions, and wastewater treatment pla
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