47.5 MB - The Whole Building Design Guide

More documents

Recommendations

Info

m LSU Health Sciences Center (New Orleans, Louisiana)m Charity Hospital (New Orleans, Louisiana)m University Hospital (New Orleans, Louisiana)4.2.2 Effects of FloodingThe damage caused by Hurricane Katrina flooding was significantlymore serious than the damage caused by wind. Along theGulf Coast, the storm surge was higher than previously experienced,which caught many health care providers by surprise (seeFigure 1-2). In most places, the storm surge flooding receded inseveral hours, but in New Orleans the floodwaters remained formore than a week. Apart from the damage and disruption causedby floodwaters that penetrated the facilities’ lower levels, manyhospitals in New Orleans were completely surrounded by floodwaters,which cut off all surface access.As a result of the disrupted access, most hospitals had to manageon their own, without any assistance from the outside. Patientsand visitors were stranded, along with staff that could not be relievedfor days. The injured, and others in need of emergencycare, could not be brought in for treatment. Family and friendsof people stranded in the hospitals had no way of communicatingwith them. Food, water, medical, and other supplies could not bebrought in except by small boats and helicopters, or in some instances,by military vehicles. The evacuation of the critically illpatients, and eventually others, was possible only by boat or by helicopter.Hospitals with dedicated or improvised elevated helipadsmanaged the evacuation much better than others.Hospitals and nursing homes that were inundated during Katrinaexperienced the greatest damage. Hospital functions located inthe areas exposed to floodwaters had to be shut down. In manycases, the elevators and other mechanical and electrical serviceswere shut down by the floodwaters.Flooding caused considerable disruption of utility services in mosthospitals in the New Orleans area. Sewers flooded or pumpingstations shorted out, disabling sewage and liquid waste disposal.OBSERVATIONS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF CRITICAL FACILITIES4-5
The water supply was interrupted and, in many instances, onsitesources were contaminated and could not be used for drinkingpurposes. Emergency generators and electrical switchgear equipment,as well as underground transformers flooded and were putout of commission.In several instances, communications panels and other controlswere located on the first floor and shorted out. The heat and thebuildup of humidity in New Orleans ruined the telephone connectionsand the fire alarm systems in some hospitals, even thoughfloodwaters did not contact sensitive communications equipmentdirectly.4.2.3 Effects of High WindsIn general, three types of wind damage affected the hospitals:damaged roof coverings, rooftop equipment, and windowbreakage. Damaged roof coverings that were either peeled off orpunctured by wind-borne debris exposed the interior to rainwaterpenetration and additional damage. Similarly, rooftop equipmentdisplaced by wind left unprotected roof openings exposedto rainwater penetration. Water damage ranged from saturation ofinterior surfaces, like walls and ceilings, to ruined equipment andconsiderable mold growth.Window breakage during the storm was particularly dangerous,because it allowed the penetration of rainwater, and wind that cancause pressurization in the interior. Hospital patient rooms, however,faced the greatest risks from window breakage, because manyof their occupants could not be moved away from monitors, medicalgases, and other equipment.4.2.4 Site DesignAlthough most of New Orleans is located in the lowlands that areprotected by a system of canals and levees, the hospitals were notbuilt to resist the flooding caused by levee failures. As a result ofHurricane Katrina and the failure of levees, only 3 out of morethan 20 of the city’s hospitals remained open during the storm(see Figure 4-1). Only one of these, the Touro Infirmary, was not4-6 OBSERVATIONS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF CRITICAL FACILITIES
Page 1 and 2:
Risk Management SeriesDesign Guidef
Page 3 and 4:
Any opinions, findings, conclusions
Page 5 and 6:
ational during and after a major di
Page 7 and 8:
TARGET AUDIENCEThis manual describe
Page 9 and 10:
Appendix A contains a list of acron
Page 11 and 12:
Forster, FEMA; David Godschalk, Uni
Page 13 and 14:
Chapter 2- Making Critical faciliti
Page 15:
2.4.6 Utility Installations .......
Page 19 and 20:
4.4.8 Utility Plumbing Systems.....
Page 21 and 22:
avoid them when feasible. In cases
Page 23 and 24:
It then crossed Florida into the Gu
Page 25:
Figure 1-2: Mississippi coast SLOSH
Page 28 and 29:
isks for the facility at the propos
Page 30 and 31:
m Appoint a building program manage
Page 32 and 33:
-Figure 1-3: Process flow chart for
Page 34 and 35:
hazards, usually refers to a buildi
Page 36 and 37:
occurrence during a specified time
Page 38 and 39:
ut is moderate overall. Some hazard
Page 40 and 41:
words, the acceptable performance o
Page 42 and 43:
prior to the onset of this level of
Page 44 and 45:
1.4 REFERENCESAmerican Society of C
Page 46 and 47:
MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FRO
Page 48 and 49:
m Land subsidence, which increases
Page 50 and 51:
valley or the presence of obstructi
Page 52 and 53:
2.1.1.1 Probability of Occurrence o
Page 54 and 55:
year, a very low probability flood
Page 56 and 57:
m FIRMs and Flood Insurance Studies
Page 58 and 59:
Figure 2-3: Riverine flood hazard z
Page 60 and 61:
have been prepared by the U.S. Army
Page 62 and 63:
ABFEs represent the best estimate o
Page 64 and 65:
The following characteristics that
Page 66 and 67:
Figure 2-7 shows the general relati
Page 68 and 69:
2.1.2.5 Hydrodynamic LoadsWater flo
Page 70 and 71:
stillwater depth) and that waves pr
Page 72 and 73:
Debris velocity: The velocity of th
Page 74 and 75:
The most convincing evidence of the
Page 76 and 77:
2.1.3.2 Summary of the NFIP Minimum
Page 78 and 79:
complished through a State permit,
Page 80 and 81:
Developed through a consensus proce
Page 82 and 83:
2.2 CRITICAL FACILITIES EXPOSED TOF
Page 84 and 85:
listed includes health hazards, los
Page 86 and 87:
overview on performance-based desig
Page 88 and 89:
Figure 2-12:Katrina’s storm surge
Page 90 and 91:
Buoyancy and uplift: If below-grade
Page 92 and 93:
acceptable, depending on the type o
Page 94 and 95:
Metal components: Metal structural
Page 96 and 97:
Emergency power generators: Generat
Page 98 and 99:
Office records and police files: Wh
Page 100 and 101:
2.3 REQUIREMENTS AND BESTPRACTICES
Page 102 and 103:
terior drainage (on the land side);
Page 104 and 105:
Slab-on-grade foundation on structu
Page 106 and 107:
and debris and ice impact loads. Fl
Page 108 and 109:
are capable of withstanding direct
Page 110 and 111:
pressure, hydrodynamic loads, wave
Page 112 and 113:
may significantly reduce the certai
Page 114 and 115:
2.3.2.1 Elevation ConsiderationsThe
Page 116 and 117:
Figure 2-30:Flood hazard zones inco
Page 118 and 119:
path when designing and specifying
Page 120 and 121:
ular attention to underfloor utilit
Page 122 and 123:
2.3.5.4 Storage Tank InstallationsA
Page 124 and 125:
2.4.2 SITE MODIFICATIONSA plan to m
Page 126 and 127:
Mobilized floodwall: This category
Page 128 and 129:
methods used to move other types of
Page 130 and 131:
Even if a facility is unlikely to s
Page 132 and 133:
Wastewater system components become
Page 134 and 135:
Emergency barriers are measures of
Page 136 and 137:
2.5 CHECKLIST FOR BUILDINGVULNERABI
Page 138 and 139:
Table 2-3: Checklist for Building V
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
FEMA, Protecting Building Utilities
Page 148 and 149:
MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FRO
Page 150 and 151:
flow is typically 6,000 to 12,000 f
Page 152 and 153:
Tornado: This is a violently rotati
Page 154 and 155:
Figure 3-3: Design wind speeds for
Page 156 and 157:
Exposure: The characteristics of th
Page 158 and 159:
Internal pressure (building pressur
Page 160 and 161:
Figure 3-7:Schematic of internalpre
Page 162 and 163:
Figure 3-8: Relative roof uplift pr
Page 164 and 165:
larities will normally be based on
Page 166 and 167:
spread in both of those storms. Pri
Page 168 and 169:
and subsequent progressive failure;
Page 170 and 171:
3.2 CRITICAL FACILITIES EXPOSED TOH
Page 172 and 173:
Wall coverings, soffits, and large
Page 174 and 175:
oof panels were applied over metal
Page 176 and 177:
3.2.2 Evaluating Critical Facilitie
Page 178 and 179:
Step 2: Perform a field investigati
Page 180 and 181:
3.3.1.1 SiteWhen selecting land for
Page 182 and 183:
schools are required to be designed
Page 184 and 185:
As part of the detailed design effo
Page 186 and 187:
steel. FEMA Technical Bulletin, Cor
Page 188 and 189:
a window submittal should show that
Page 190 and 191:
and limited uplift resistance of de
Page 192 and 193:
Figure 3-23:View looking down at th
Page 194 and 195:
m For buildings that have mechanica
Page 196 and 197:
sionals should also specify the att
Page 198 and 199:
Figure 3-31:Door sill pan flashing
Page 200 and 201:
Adjustable jamb/head weatherstrippi
Page 202 and 203:
E 2112 provides guidance on the des
Page 204 and 205:
Soffits: Depending on the wind dire
Page 206 and 207:
mph, those used for hurricane shelt
Page 208 and 209:
Figure 3-47:These four ties werenev
Page 210 and 211:
m Install ties as the brick is laid
Page 212 and 213:
At the hospital shown in Figure 3-5
Page 214 and 215:
etween the hospital and the medical
Page 216 and 217:
metal panels were attached with con
Page 218 and 219:
avoid blow-off. Stainless steel or
Page 220 and 221:
If the roof system is fully adhered
Page 222 and 223:
Figure 3-60:View of the underside o
Page 224 and 225:
ities. For FMG-insured facilities,
Page 226 and 227:
Figure 3-65:The original modifiedbi
Page 228 and 229:
Figure 3-66:If mechanically attache
Page 230 and 231:
Loads and Attachment Methods 9Infor
Page 232 and 233:
Fan cowling attachment: Fans are fr
Page 234 and 235:
Condenser attachment: In lieu of pl
Page 236 and 237:
Boiler and exhaust stack attachment
Page 238 and 239:
Figure 3-78:Collapsed hospital ligh
Page 240 and 241:
Figure 3-80:The antenna tower atthi
Page 242 and 243:
Table 3-3: Risk Reduction Design Me
Page 244 and 245:
Table 3-3: Risk Reduction Design Me
Page 246 and 247:
Chapter 4 for information on the pe
Page 248 and 249:
Figure 3-83:Open walkways donot pro
Page 250 and 251:
ASTM E 1996 specifies five missile
Page 252 and 253:
ASCE 7 refers to ASTM E 1996 for mi
Page 254 and 255:
For interior non-load-bearing mason
Page 256 and 257:
m For structural metal roofs, it is
Page 258 and 259:
Mechanically attached and air-press
Page 260 and 261: Figure 3-92:To avoid walkway padblo
Page 262 and 263: 3.4.4.2 Mechanical PenthousesBy pla
Page 264 and 265: To enhance the wind performance of
Page 266 and 267: Mechanically attached single-ply me
Page 268 and 269: to power generation stations and by
Page 270 and 271: occupants can have bottled water pr
Page 272 and 273: Table 3-4: Recommendations for Desi
Page 274 and 275: Strong and violent tornadoes can ge
Page 276 and 277: For critical facilities located in
Page 278 and 279: Retrofitting a shelter space inside
Page 280 and 281: funds are not available for strengt
Page 282 and 283: Figure 3-106:The school’s built-u
Page 284 and 285: 3.6.2 Building EnvelopeThe followin
Page 286 and 287: Shutters are typically a more econo
Page 288 and 289: semblies with laminated glass assem
Page 290 and 291: Figure 3-116:The edge nailer on top
Page 292 and 293: Figure 3-118:The antenna at thishos
Page 294 and 295: 3.7 Checklist for BuildingVulnerabi
Page 296 and 297: Table 3-8: Checklist for Building V
Page 298 and 299: Table 3-8: Checklist for Building V
Page 300 and 301: 3.8 References and Sources ofAdditi
Page 302 and 303: American Society for Testing and Ma
Page 304: FEMA, Attachment of Brick Veneer in
Page 307 and 308: accompanied with suggestions on pos
Page 309: Hurricane Katrina emphasized the fa
Page 313 and 314: Hancock Medical Center in Bay St. L
Page 315 and 316: Figure 4-4:Penthouse at the WestJef
Page 317 and 318: Figure 4-6:Repair of EIFS wallcover
Page 319 and 320: The primary cause of window breakag
Page 321 and 322: West Jefferson Medical Center lost
Page 323 and 324: 4.2.8 Mechanical and ElectricalSyst
Page 325 and 326: covering the fill cap and all vent
Page 327 and 328: emergency communications frequently
Page 329 and 330: mary and West Jefferson Medical Cen
Page 331 and 332: 4.3 EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES4.3.1 Bac
Page 333 and 334: 4.3.2 Effects of FloodingThe most d
Page 335 and 336: Figure 4-17:Broken windows atD’Ib
Page 337 and 338: St. Stanislaus High School in Bay S
Page 339 and 340: 4.3.6 Structural SystemsMost of the
Page 341 and 342: The St. Stanislaus High School camp
Page 343 and 344: Figure 4-27:Metal roof covering pee
Page 345 and 346: ment, especially HVAC systems, was
Page 347 and 348: Figure 4-30:Interior damage at Char
Page 349 and 350: m Doors should be designed to meet
Page 351 and 352: different, most of them require and
Page 353 and 354: 4.4.3 Effects of High WindsThe high
Page 355 and 356: Figure 4-33:Jackson County EOCFigur
Page 357 and 358: them experienced significant proble
Page 359 and 360: Figure 4-37:Back Bay Fire Company#3
Page 361 and 362:
Figure 4-39:Gulfport Fire Station #
Page 363 and 364:
Third District Fire Station in New
Page 365 and 366:
Figure 4-44:Roof damage at HancockC
Page 367 and 368:
underground tank for toilets and wa
Page 369 and 370:
Figure 4-47:Generator mounted atgra
Page 371 and 372:
Figure 4-49:Broken communicationsma
Page 373 and 374:
erate without adequate emergency po
Page 375 and 376:
FISFMAFMGFMRHMGPIBCICCICULPSMEPSMOB
Page 377 and 378:
Building, enclosed. A building that
Page 379 and 380:
Floodway. The channel and that port
Page 381 and 382:
OOpenings. Apertures or holes in th
Page 383 and 384:
FEMA Mitigation ProgramscFederal fu
Page 385 and 386:
Table 1: Side-by-Side of FEMA Progr
Page 387 and 388:
todial care facilities (including t
Page 389 and 390:
aged windows with impact-resistant
Page 391:
tions, and wastewater treatment pla
show all

47.5 MB - The Whole Building Design Guide

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?