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also allow them to serve as recovery shelters. Educational facilitiesthat may not have served as shelters during the storm, becauseof their proximity to the coast or their susceptibility to inlandflooding, may be useful as recovery shelters provided they are ableto survive the hurricane intact.The primary function of a recovery shelter is to provide a locationfor resources and manpower after the storm has passed, to centralizethe command and distribution functions for recovery workin the community. Recovery shelters require that all building functionsand services remain usable in the aftermath of a storm. Theyare often used by the American Red Cross (ARC), National Guard,or other government agencies as a distribution point of first aid,food, water, and other supplies. They also serve as management orinformation dissemination hubs concerning recovery efforts.The following facilities were visited for the preparation of thismanual:m Charles P. Murphy Elementary School (Pearlington, Mississippi)m Pass Christian Middle School (Pass Christian, Mississippi)m St. Stanislaus High School (Bay St. Louis, Mississippi)m Northbay Elementary School (Bay St. Louis, Mississippi)m Hancock High School (Kiln, Mississippi)m Pineville Elementary School (Pass Christian, Mississippi)m D’Iberville High School (D’Iberville, Mississippi)m D’Iberville Middle School (D’Iberville, Mississippi)m Lyman Elementary School (Gulfport, Mississippi)m East Hancock Elementary School (Hancock County, Mississippi)m Saucier Elementary School (Saucier, Mississippi)m Port Sulpher School (Port Sulpher, Louisiana)OBSERVATIONS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF CRITICAL FACILITIES4-27
4.3.2 Effects of FloodingThe most devastating damage to educational facilities during HurricaneKatrina was caused by the storm surge. FEMA reporteda storm surge of 20 to 30 feet above normal tide levels. In someplaces the flooding extended up to 6 miles inland. The effect oncoastal communities was catastrophic, because most buildingswithin a quarter of a mile of the shore were virtually washed away,while most of the remaining buildings beyond this area were severelydamaged. Virtually all of the educational facilities in PassChristian, Mississippi, were heavily damaged as a result of theirproximity to the coastline.Inland flooding occurred in low-lying areas farther away from thecoastline. D’Iberville Middle School had approximately 8 feet ofwater, but was not used as a shelter because the school districtstaff was aware of the potential for flooding from past experience.The structural integrity of the school was not compromised by theflooding, but the water damage to the interior was substantial (seeFigure 4-16).Figure 4-16:D’Iberville Middle Schoolwas flooded to the depthof 8 feet4-28 OBSERVATIONS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF CRITICAL FACILITIES
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Risk Management SeriesDesign Guidef
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Any opinions, findings, conclusions
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ational during and after a major di
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TARGET AUDIENCEThis manual describe
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Appendix A contains a list of acron
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Forster, FEMA; David Godschalk, Uni
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Chapter 2- Making Critical faciliti
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2.4.6 Utility Installations .......
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4.4.8 Utility Plumbing Systems.....
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avoid them when feasible. In cases
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It then crossed Florida into the Gu
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Figure 1-2: Mississippi coast SLOSH
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isks for the facility at the propos
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m Appoint a building program manage
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-Figure 1-3: Process flow chart for
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hazards, usually refers to a buildi
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occurrence during a specified time
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ut is moderate overall. Some hazard
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words, the acceptable performance o
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prior to the onset of this level of
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1.4 REFERENCESAmerican Society of C
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MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FRO
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m Land subsidence, which increases
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valley or the presence of obstructi
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2.1.1.1 Probability of Occurrence o
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year, a very low probability flood
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m FIRMs and Flood Insurance Studies
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Figure 2-3: Riverine flood hazard z
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have been prepared by the U.S. Army
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ABFEs represent the best estimate o
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The following characteristics that
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Figure 2-7 shows the general relati
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2.1.2.5 Hydrodynamic LoadsWater flo
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stillwater depth) and that waves pr
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Debris velocity: The velocity of th
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The most convincing evidence of the
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2.1.3.2 Summary of the NFIP Minimum
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complished through a State permit,
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Developed through a consensus proce
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2.2 CRITICAL FACILITIES EXPOSED TOF
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listed includes health hazards, los
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overview on performance-based desig
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Figure 2-12:Katrina’s storm surge
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Buoyancy and uplift: If below-grade
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acceptable, depending on the type o
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Metal components: Metal structural
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Emergency power generators: Generat
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Office records and police files: Wh
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2.3 REQUIREMENTS AND BESTPRACTICES
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terior drainage (on the land side);
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Slab-on-grade foundation on structu
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and debris and ice impact loads. Fl
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are capable of withstanding direct
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pressure, hydrodynamic loads, wave
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may significantly reduce the certai
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2.3.2.1 Elevation ConsiderationsThe
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Figure 2-30:Flood hazard zones inco
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path when designing and specifying
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ular attention to underfloor utilit
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2.3.5.4 Storage Tank InstallationsA
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2.4.2 SITE MODIFICATIONSA plan to m
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Mobilized floodwall: This category
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methods used to move other types of
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Even if a facility is unlikely to s
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Wastewater system components become
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Emergency barriers are measures of
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2.5 CHECKLIST FOR BUILDINGVULNERABI
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Table 2-3: Checklist for Building V
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FEMA, Protecting Building Utilities
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MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FRO
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flow is typically 6,000 to 12,000 f
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Tornado: This is a violently rotati
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Figure 3-3: Design wind speeds for
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Exposure: The characteristics of th
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Internal pressure (building pressur
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Figure 3-7:Schematic of internalpre
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Figure 3-8: Relative roof uplift pr
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larities will normally be based on
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spread in both of those storms. Pri
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and subsequent progressive failure;
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3.2 CRITICAL FACILITIES EXPOSED TOH
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Wall coverings, soffits, and large
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oof panels were applied over metal
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3.2.2 Evaluating Critical Facilitie
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Step 2: Perform a field investigati
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3.3.1.1 SiteWhen selecting land for
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schools are required to be designed
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As part of the detailed design effo
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steel. FEMA Technical Bulletin, Cor
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a window submittal should show that
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and limited uplift resistance of de
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Figure 3-23:View looking down at th
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m For buildings that have mechanica
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sionals should also specify the att
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Figure 3-31:Door sill pan flashing
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Adjustable jamb/head weatherstrippi
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E 2112 provides guidance on the des
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Soffits: Depending on the wind dire
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mph, those used for hurricane shelt
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Figure 3-47:These four ties werenev
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m Install ties as the brick is laid
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At the hospital shown in Figure 3-5
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etween the hospital and the medical
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metal panels were attached with con
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avoid blow-off. Stainless steel or
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If the roof system is fully adhered
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Figure 3-60:View of the underside o
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ities. For FMG-insured facilities,
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Figure 3-65:The original modifiedbi
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Figure 3-66:If mechanically attache
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Loads and Attachment Methods 9Infor
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Fan cowling attachment: Fans are fr
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Condenser attachment: In lieu of pl
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Boiler and exhaust stack attachment
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Figure 3-78:Collapsed hospital ligh
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Figure 3-80:The antenna tower atthi
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Table 3-3: Risk Reduction Design Me
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Table 3-3: Risk Reduction Design Me
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Chapter 4 for information on the pe
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Figure 3-83:Open walkways donot pro
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ASTM E 1996 specifies five missile
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ASCE 7 refers to ASTM E 1996 for mi
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For interior non-load-bearing mason
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m For structural metal roofs, it is
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Mechanically attached and air-press
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Figure 3-92:To avoid walkway padblo
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3.4.4.2 Mechanical PenthousesBy pla
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To enhance the wind performance of
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Mechanically attached single-ply me
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to power generation stations and by
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occupants can have bottled water pr
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Table 3-4: Recommendations for Desi
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Strong and violent tornadoes can ge
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For critical facilities located in
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Retrofitting a shelter space inside
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funds are not available for strengt
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Page 304: FEMA, Attachment of Brick Veneer in
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Page 315 and 316: Figure 4-4:Penthouse at the WestJef
Page 317 and 318: Figure 4-6:Repair of EIFS wallcover
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Page 323 and 324: 4.2.8 Mechanical and ElectricalSyst
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Page 335 and 336: Figure 4-17:Broken windows atD’Ib
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Page 339 and 340: 4.3.6 Structural SystemsMost of the
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Page 343 and 344: Figure 4-27:Metal roof covering pee
Page 345 and 346: ment, especially HVAC systems, was
Page 347 and 348: Figure 4-30:Interior damage at Char
Page 349 and 350: m Doors should be designed to meet
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Page 353 and 354: 4.4.3 Effects of High WindsThe high
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Page 359 and 360: Figure 4-37:Back Bay Fire Company#3
Page 361 and 362: Figure 4-39:Gulfport Fire Station #
Page 363 and 364: Third District Fire Station in New
Page 365 and 366: Figure 4-44:Roof damage at HancockC
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Page 369 and 370: Figure 4-47:Generator mounted atgra
Page 371 and 372: Figure 4-49:Broken communicationsma
Page 373 and 374: erate without adequate emergency po
Page 375 and 376: FISFMAFMGFMRHMGPIBCICCICULPSMEPSMOB
Page 377 and 378: Building, enclosed. A building that
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FEMA Mitigation ProgramscFederal fu
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Table 1: Side-by-Side of FEMA Progr
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todial care facilities (including t
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aged windows with impact-resistant
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tions, and wastewater treatment pla
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