47.5 MB - The Whole Building Design Guide

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occurrence during a specified time period. The overall analysismust consider not only the intensity and frequency of occurrenceof hazard events, but also the effectiveness and reliability of thebuilding systems to survive the event without significant interruptionin the operation of a facility.Figure 1-4:Performance-based design flow diagram(ATC, 2003)NOYES1.3.4 Acceptable Risk andPerformance LevelsPerformance-based design requires a quantitative measure of risk.It also establishes the basis for evaluating acceptable losses and selectingappropriate designs. While specific performance objectivescan vary for each project, the notion of acceptable performancegenerally follows a trend corresponding to:m Little or no damage for small, frequently occurring eventsm Moderate damage for medium-sized, less frequent eventsm Significant damage for very large, very rare eventsCRITICAL FACILITY DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS1-17
Performance objectives should be higher and the correspondingacceptable levels of damage lower for critical facilities and otherimportant buildings than for non-critical facilities. This trend is illustratedin Figure 1-5, taken from the ICC Performance Code forBuildings and Facilities (ICC, 2006). This document defines acceptableperformance for facilities in one of four performancegroups (I, II, III, and IV), using four damage levels (mild, moderate,high, and severe), and given four hazard levels (small,medium, large, and very large). The relative return periods(length of time between occurrences) commonly associated withthe hazard levels for each type of hazard event (seismic, flood, andwind) are indicated in Figure 1-6.Since losses can be associated with structural damage,nonstructural damage, or both, performance objectives mustbe expressed in terms of the potential performance of bothstructural and nonstructural systems. The ICC Performance Codefor Buildings and Facilities has formalized the following four designperformance levels, each of which addresses structuraldamage, nonstructural systems, occupant hazards, overall extentof damage, and release of hazardous materials. Thesedefinitions are general to all hazards and are related to tolerablelimits of impact to the building, its contents, and itsoccupants.Mild Impact: At the mild impact level, the building has no structuraldamage and is safe to occupy. The nonstructural systemsneeded for normal building or facility use and emergencyoperations are fully operational. The number of injured occupantsis minimal, and the nature of the injuries minor. Theoverall extent of the damage is minimal. Minimal amounts ofhazardous materials may be released into the environment.Moderate Impact: At the moderate impact level, structuraldamage is repairable and some delay in re-occupancy canbe expected. The nonstructural systems needed for normalbuilding or facility use and emergency operations are fully operational,although some cleanup and repair may be needed.Injuries to occupants may be locally significant, but generallymoderate in numbers and in nature. There is a low likelihoodof a single life loss and very low likelihood of multiplelife loss. The extent of the damage can be locally significant,1-18 CRITICAL FACILITY DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Page 1 and 2: Risk Management SeriesDesign Guidef
Page 3 and 4: Any opinions, findings, conclusions
Page 5 and 6: ational during and after a major di
Page 7 and 8: TARGET AUDIENCEThis manual describe
Page 9 and 10: Appendix A contains a list of acron
Page 11 and 12: Forster, FEMA; David Godschalk, Uni
Page 13 and 14: Chapter 2- Making Critical faciliti
Page 15: 2.4.6 Utility Installations .......
Page 19 and 20: 4.4.8 Utility Plumbing Systems.....
Page 21 and 22: avoid them when feasible. In cases
Page 23 and 24: It then crossed Florida into the Gu
Page 25: Figure 1-2: Mississippi coast SLOSH
Page 28 and 29: isks for the facility at the propos
Page 30 and 31: m Appoint a building program manage
Page 32 and 33: -Figure 1-3: Process flow chart for
Page 34 and 35: hazards, usually refers to a buildi
Page 38 and 39: ut is moderate overall. Some hazard
Page 40 and 41: words, the acceptable performance o
Page 42 and 43: prior to the onset of this level of
Page 44 and 45: 1.4 REFERENCESAmerican Society of C
Page 46 and 47: MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FRO
Page 48 and 49: m Land subsidence, which increases
Page 50 and 51: valley or the presence of obstructi
Page 52 and 53: 2.1.1.1 Probability of Occurrence o
Page 54 and 55: year, a very low probability flood
Page 56 and 57: m FIRMs and Flood Insurance Studies
Page 58 and 59: Figure 2-3: Riverine flood hazard z
Page 60 and 61: have been prepared by the U.S. Army
Page 62 and 63: ABFEs represent the best estimate o
Page 64 and 65: The following characteristics that
Page 66 and 67: Figure 2-7 shows the general relati
Page 68 and 69: 2.1.2.5 Hydrodynamic LoadsWater flo
Page 70 and 71: stillwater depth) and that waves pr
Page 72 and 73: Debris velocity: The velocity of th
Page 74 and 75: The most convincing evidence of the
Page 76 and 77: 2.1.3.2 Summary of the NFIP Minimum
Page 78 and 79: complished through a State permit,
Page 80 and 81: Developed through a consensus proce
Page 82 and 83: 2.2 CRITICAL FACILITIES EXPOSED TOF
Page 84 and 85: listed includes health hazards, los
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overview on performance-based desig
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Figure 2-12:Katrina’s storm surge
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Buoyancy and uplift: If below-grade
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acceptable, depending on the type o
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Metal components: Metal structural
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Emergency power generators: Generat
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Office records and police files: Wh
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2.3 REQUIREMENTS AND BESTPRACTICES
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terior drainage (on the land side);
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Slab-on-grade foundation on structu
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and debris and ice impact loads. Fl
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are capable of withstanding direct
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pressure, hydrodynamic loads, wave
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may significantly reduce the certai
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2.3.2.1 Elevation ConsiderationsThe
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Figure 2-30:Flood hazard zones inco
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path when designing and specifying
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ular attention to underfloor utilit
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2.3.5.4 Storage Tank InstallationsA
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2.4.2 SITE MODIFICATIONSA plan to m
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Mobilized floodwall: This category
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methods used to move other types of
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Even if a facility is unlikely to s
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Wastewater system components become
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Emergency barriers are measures of
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2.5 CHECKLIST FOR BUILDINGVULNERABI
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Table 2-3: Checklist for Building V
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Page 142 and 143:
Page 144 and 145:
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FEMA, Protecting Building Utilities
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MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FRO
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flow is typically 6,000 to 12,000 f
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Tornado: This is a violently rotati
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Figure 3-3: Design wind speeds for
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Exposure: The characteristics of th
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Internal pressure (building pressur
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Figure 3-7:Schematic of internalpre
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Figure 3-8: Relative roof uplift pr
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larities will normally be based on
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spread in both of those storms. Pri
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and subsequent progressive failure;
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3.2 CRITICAL FACILITIES EXPOSED TOH
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Wall coverings, soffits, and large
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oof panels were applied over metal
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3.2.2 Evaluating Critical Facilitie
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Step 2: Perform a field investigati
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3.3.1.1 SiteWhen selecting land for
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schools are required to be designed
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As part of the detailed design effo
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steel. FEMA Technical Bulletin, Cor
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a window submittal should show that
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and limited uplift resistance of de
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Figure 3-23:View looking down at th
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m For buildings that have mechanica
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sionals should also specify the att
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Figure 3-31:Door sill pan flashing
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Adjustable jamb/head weatherstrippi
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E 2112 provides guidance on the des
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Soffits: Depending on the wind dire
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mph, those used for hurricane shelt
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Figure 3-47:These four ties werenev
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m Install ties as the brick is laid
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At the hospital shown in Figure 3-5
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etween the hospital and the medical
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metal panels were attached with con
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avoid blow-off. Stainless steel or
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If the roof system is fully adhered
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Figure 3-60:View of the underside o
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ities. For FMG-insured facilities,
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Figure 3-65:The original modifiedbi
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Figure 3-66:If mechanically attache
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Loads and Attachment Methods 9Infor
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Fan cowling attachment: Fans are fr
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Condenser attachment: In lieu of pl
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Boiler and exhaust stack attachment
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Figure 3-78:Collapsed hospital ligh
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Figure 3-80:The antenna tower atthi
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Table 3-3: Risk Reduction Design Me
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Table 3-3: Risk Reduction Design Me
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Chapter 4 for information on the pe
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Figure 3-83:Open walkways donot pro
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ASTM E 1996 specifies five missile
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ASCE 7 refers to ASTM E 1996 for mi
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For interior non-load-bearing mason
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m For structural metal roofs, it is
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Mechanically attached and air-press
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Figure 3-92:To avoid walkway padblo
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3.4.4.2 Mechanical PenthousesBy pla
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To enhance the wind performance of
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Mechanically attached single-ply me
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to power generation stations and by
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occupants can have bottled water pr
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Table 3-4: Recommendations for Desi
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Strong and violent tornadoes can ge
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For critical facilities located in
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Retrofitting a shelter space inside
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funds are not available for strengt
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Figure 3-106:The school’s built-u
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3.6.2 Building EnvelopeThe followin
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Shutters are typically a more econo
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semblies with laminated glass assem
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Figure 3-116:The edge nailer on top
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Figure 3-118:The antenna at thishos
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3.7 Checklist for BuildingVulnerabi
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Page 298 and 299:
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3.8 References and Sources ofAdditi
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American Society for Testing and Ma
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FEMA, Attachment of Brick Veneer in
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accompanied with suggestions on pos
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Hurricane Katrina emphasized the fa
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The water supply was interrupted an
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Hancock Medical Center in Bay St. L
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Figure 4-4:Penthouse at the WestJef
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Figure 4-6:Repair of EIFS wallcover
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The primary cause of window breakag
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West Jefferson Medical Center lost
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4.2.8 Mechanical and ElectricalSyst
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covering the fill cap and all vent
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emergency communications frequently
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mary and West Jefferson Medical Cen
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4.3 EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES4.3.1 Bac
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4.3.2 Effects of FloodingThe most d
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Figure 4-17:Broken windows atD’Ib
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St. Stanislaus High School in Bay S
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4.3.6 Structural SystemsMost of the
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The St. Stanislaus High School camp
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Figure 4-27:Metal roof covering pee
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ment, especially HVAC systems, was
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Figure 4-30:Interior damage at Char
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m Doors should be designed to meet
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different, most of them require and
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4.4.3 Effects of High WindsThe high
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Figure 4-33:Jackson County EOCFigur
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them experienced significant proble
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Figure 4-37:Back Bay Fire Company#3
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Figure 4-39:Gulfport Fire Station #
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Third District Fire Station in New
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Figure 4-44:Roof damage at HancockC
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underground tank for toilets and wa
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Figure 4-47:Generator mounted atgra
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Figure 4-49:Broken communicationsma
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erate without adequate emergency po
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FISFMAFMGFMRHMGPIBCICCICULPSMEPSMOB
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Building, enclosed. A building that
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Floodway. The channel and that port
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OOpenings. Apertures or holes in th
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FEMA Mitigation ProgramscFederal fu
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Table 1: Side-by-Side of FEMA Progr
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todial care facilities (including t
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aged windows with impact-resistant
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tions, and wastewater treatment pla
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47.5 MB - The Whole Building Design Guide

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