47.5 MB - The Whole Building Design Guide

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Developed through a consensus process,ASCE 24 addresses specific topics pertinentto designing buildings in flood hazard areas,including floodways, coastal high hazardareas, and other high-risk flood hazard areassuch as alluvial fans, flash flood areas, mudslideareas, erosion-prone areas, and highfloodwater velocity areas.Section 1.2 describes the four categories usedby ASCE 7 to classify structures based on occupancy;different requirements apply based ona structure’s category. <strong>The</strong> same categories are used in ASCE 24and different flood-resistant requirements apply to the differentcategories. Table 2-1 summarizes the elevation requirements ofASCE 24 that exceed the NFIP minimum requirements for thecritical facilities addressed by this manual (Category III or CategoryIV structures).ASCE 7-05 outlines methods to determinedesign loads and load combinations inflood hazard areas, including hydrostaticloads, hydrodynamic loads, wave loads,and debris impact loads.ASCE 24-05 addresses designrequirements for structures in coastal highhazardareas (V Zones).MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FROM Flooding2-35
Table 2-1: ASCE/SEI 24-05 provisions related to the elevation of critical facilitiesCategory IIICategory IVElevation of Lowest Floor or Bottomof Lowest Horizontal StructuralA Zone: elevation of lowest floorV Zone and Coastal A Zone: where thelowest horizontal structural member is parallelto direction of wave approachV Zone and Coastal A Zone: where thelowest horizontal structural member isperpendicular to direction of wave approachBFE +1 ft or DFE,whichever is higherBFE +1 ft or DFE,whichever is higherBFE +2 ft or DFE,whichever is higherBFE +2 ft or DFE,whichever is higherBFE +1 ft or DFE,whichever is higherBFE +2 ft or DFE,whichever is higherElevation Below which Flood-Damage-Resistant Materials ShallA ZoneV Zone and Coastal A Zone: where thelowest horizontal structural member is parallelto direction of wave approachV Zone and Coastal A Zone: where thelowest horizontal structural member isperpendicular to direction of wave approachBFE +1 ft or DFE,whichever is higherBFE +2 ft or DFE,whichever is higherBFE +3 ft or DFE,whichever is higherBFE +2 ft or DFE,whichever is higherBFE +2 ft or DFE,whichever is higherBFE +3 ft or DFE,whichever is higherMinimum Elevation of Utilities andEquipmentA ZoneV Zone and Coastal A Zone: where thelowest horizontal structural member is parallelto direction of wave approachV Zone and Coastal A Zone: where thelowest horizontal structural member isperpendicular to direction of wave approachBFE +1 ft or DFE,whichever is higherBFE +2 ft or DFE,whichever is higherBFE +3 ft or DFE,whichever is higherBFE +2 ft or DFE,whichever is higherBFE +2 ft or DFE,whichever is higherBFE +3 ft or DFE,whichever is higherDryFloodproofingA Zone: elevation to which dry floodproofingextendsV Zone and Coastal A Zone: dryfloodproofing not allowedBFE +1 ft or DFE,whichever is higherNot applicableBFE +2 ft or DFE,whichever is higherNot applicable2-36 MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FROM Flooding
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Risk Management SeriesDesign Guidef
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Any opinions, findings, conclusions
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ational during and after a major di
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TARGET AUDIENCEThis manual describe
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Appendix A contains a list of acron
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Forster, FEMA; David Godschalk, Uni
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Chapter 2- Making Critical faciliti
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2.4.6 Utility Installations .......
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4.4.8 Utility Plumbing Systems.....
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avoid them when feasible. In cases
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It then crossed Florida into the Gu
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Figure 1-2: Mississippi coast SLOSH
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isks for the facility at the propos
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Page 32 and 33: -Figure 1-3: Process flow chart for
Page 34 and 35: hazards, usually refers to a buildi
Page 36 and 37: occurrence during a specified time
Page 38 and 39: ut is moderate overall. Some hazard
Page 40 and 41: words, the acceptable performance o
Page 42 and 43: prior to the onset of this level of
Page 44 and 45: 1.4 REFERENCESAmerican Society of C
Page 46 and 47: MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FRO
Page 48 and 49: m Land subsidence, which increases
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Page 52 and 53: 2.1.1.1 Probability of Occurrence o
Page 54 and 55: year, a very low probability flood
Page 56 and 57: m FIRMs and Flood Insurance Studies
Page 58 and 59: Figure 2-3: Riverine flood hazard z
Page 60 and 61: have been prepared by the U.S. Army
Page 62 and 63: ABFEs represent the best estimate o
Page 64 and 65: The following characteristics that
Page 66 and 67: Figure 2-7 shows the general relati
Page 68 and 69: 2.1.2.5 Hydrodynamic LoadsWater flo
Page 70 and 71: stillwater depth) and that waves pr
Page 72 and 73: Debris velocity: The velocity of th
Page 74 and 75: The most convincing evidence of the
Page 76 and 77: 2.1.3.2 Summary of the NFIP Minimum
Page 78 and 79: complished through a State permit,
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Page 84 and 85: listed includes health hazards, los
Page 86 and 87: overview on performance-based desig
Page 88 and 89: Figure 2-12:Katrina’s storm surge
Page 90 and 91: Buoyancy and uplift: If below-grade
Page 92 and 93: acceptable, depending on the type o
Page 94 and 95: Metal components: Metal structural
Page 96 and 97: Emergency power generators: Generat
Page 98 and 99: Office records and police files: Wh
Page 100 and 101: 2.3 REQUIREMENTS AND BESTPRACTICES
Page 102 and 103: terior drainage (on the land side);
Page 104 and 105: Slab-on-grade foundation on structu
Page 106 and 107: and debris and ice impact loads. Fl
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Page 114 and 115: 2.3.2.1 Elevation ConsiderationsThe
Page 116 and 117: Figure 2-30:Flood hazard zones inco
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Page 120 and 121: ular attention to underfloor utilit
Page 122 and 123: 2.3.5.4 Storage Tank InstallationsA
Page 124 and 125: 2.4.2 SITE MODIFICATIONSA plan to m
Page 126 and 127: Mobilized floodwall: This category
Page 128 and 129: methods used to move other types of
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Even if a facility is unlikely to s
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Wastewater system components become
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Emergency barriers are measures of
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2.5 CHECKLIST FOR BUILDINGVULNERABI
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Table 2-3: Checklist for Building V
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FEMA, Protecting Building Utilities
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MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FRO
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flow is typically 6,000 to 12,000 f
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Tornado: This is a violently rotati
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Figure 3-3: Design wind speeds for
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Exposure: The characteristics of th
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Internal pressure (building pressur
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Figure 3-7:Schematic of internalpre
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Figure 3-8: Relative roof uplift pr
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larities will normally be based on
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spread in both of those storms. Pri
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and subsequent progressive failure;
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3.2 CRITICAL FACILITIES EXPOSED TOH
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Wall coverings, soffits, and large
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oof panels were applied over metal
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3.2.2 Evaluating Critical Facilitie
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Step 2: Perform a field investigati
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3.3.1.1 SiteWhen selecting land for
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schools are required to be designed
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As part of the detailed design effo
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steel. FEMA Technical Bulletin, Cor
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a window submittal should show that
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and limited uplift resistance of de
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Figure 3-23:View looking down at th
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m For buildings that have mechanica
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sionals should also specify the att
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Figure 3-31:Door sill pan flashing
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Adjustable jamb/head weatherstrippi
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E 2112 provides guidance on the des
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Soffits: Depending on the wind dire
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mph, those used for hurricane shelt
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Figure 3-47:These four ties werenev
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m Install ties as the brick is laid
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At the hospital shown in Figure 3-5
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etween the hospital and the medical
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metal panels were attached with con
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avoid blow-off. Stainless steel or
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If the roof system is fully adhered
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Figure 3-60:View of the underside o
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ities. For FMG-insured facilities,
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Figure 3-65:The original modifiedbi
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Figure 3-66:If mechanically attache
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Loads and Attachment Methods 9Infor
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Fan cowling attachment: Fans are fr
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Condenser attachment: In lieu of pl
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Boiler and exhaust stack attachment
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Figure 3-78:Collapsed hospital ligh
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Figure 3-80:The antenna tower atthi
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Table 3-3: Risk Reduction Design Me
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Table 3-3: Risk Reduction Design Me
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Chapter 4 for information on the pe
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Figure 3-83:Open walkways donot pro
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ASTM E 1996 specifies five missile
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ASCE 7 refers to ASTM E 1996 for mi
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For interior non-load-bearing mason
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m For structural metal roofs, it is
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Mechanically attached and air-press
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Figure 3-92:To avoid walkway padblo
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3.4.4.2 Mechanical PenthousesBy pla
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To enhance the wind performance of
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Mechanically attached single-ply me
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to power generation stations and by
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occupants can have bottled water pr
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Table 3-4: Recommendations for Desi
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Strong and violent tornadoes can ge
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For critical facilities located in
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Retrofitting a shelter space inside
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funds are not available for strengt
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Figure 3-106:The school’s built-u
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3.6.2 Building EnvelopeThe followin
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Shutters are typically a more econo
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semblies with laminated glass assem
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Figure 3-116:The edge nailer on top
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Figure 3-118:The antenna at thishos
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3.7 Checklist for BuildingVulnerabi
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3.8 References and Sources ofAdditi
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American Society for Testing and Ma
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FEMA, Attachment of Brick Veneer in
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accompanied with suggestions on pos
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Hurricane Katrina emphasized the fa
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The water supply was interrupted an
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Hancock Medical Center in Bay St. L
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Figure 4-4:Penthouse at the WestJef
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Figure 4-6:Repair of EIFS wallcover
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The primary cause of window breakag
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West Jefferson Medical Center lost
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4.2.8 Mechanical and ElectricalSyst
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covering the fill cap and all vent
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emergency communications frequently
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mary and West Jefferson Medical Cen
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4.3 EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES4.3.1 Bac
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4.3.2 Effects of FloodingThe most d
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Figure 4-17:Broken windows atD’Ib
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St. Stanislaus High School in Bay S
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4.3.6 Structural SystemsMost of the
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The St. Stanislaus High School camp
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Figure 4-27:Metal roof covering pee
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ment, especially HVAC systems, was
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Figure 4-30:Interior damage at Char
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m Doors should be designed to meet
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different, most of them require and
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4.4.3 Effects of High WindsThe high
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Figure 4-33:Jackson County EOCFigur
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them experienced significant proble
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Figure 4-37:Back Bay Fire Company#3
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Figure 4-39:Gulfport Fire Station #
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Third District Fire Station in New
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Figure 4-44:Roof damage at HancockC
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underground tank for toilets and wa
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Figure 4-47:Generator mounted atgra
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Figure 4-49:Broken communicationsma
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erate without adequate emergency po
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FISFMAFMGFMRHMGPIBCICCICULPSMEPSMOB
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Building, enclosed. A building that
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Floodway. The channel and that port
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OOpenings. Apertures or holes in th
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FEMA Mitigation ProgramscFederal fu
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Table 1: Side-by-Side of FEMA Progr
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todial care facilities (including t
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aged windows with impact-resistant
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tions, and wastewater treatment pla
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