47.5 MB - The Whole Building Design Guide

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Air-conditioning systems were also disrupted by a lack of waterneeded for water-cooled chillers, as happened in Garden ParkMedical Center in Gulfport when the municipal water servicewas shut down. Loss of air-conditioning resulted in interior condensation,and warm and humid air interfered with the normalfunctioning of electronic medical equipment.Measures to provide sufficient HVAC capacity for patient-occupiedand support areas and to protect the operation of the hospitalfrom humidity-related damages include the following:m Install emergency electrical generators with capacity to run theair conditioning system. This might also require water for thechillers if this is the method of delivering cold air.m Install sufficient controls in the hospital to be able to identifythe areas with mold and mildew problems, and have themcordoned off quickly.m Install HVAC duct cleanout locations, so that any mold ormildew that begins to grow in the ductwork can be easilycleaned out.m Create air-conditioning zones (where practical), so that crucialoperations can be cooled with a minimum amount of airconditioning.In a storm of Katrina’s magnitude, it is expected that power wouldbe lost almost immediately and for a considerable period of timethereafter. For example, Touro Infirmary lost power within minutesof being hit with wind gusts of about 60 mph. Since poweris so vital to maintaining functionality in critical facilities duringnormal periods, it is of paramount importance to provide anemergency power supply for all critical hospital functions.Most hospitals store up to 72 hours of emergency fuel on site.In the case of Hurricane Katrina, emergency generators neededto run continuously for 5 days or more. Many hospitals hadto obtain fuel for their generators from outside sources, usuallythe military. West Jefferson Medical Center got fuel from anearby Navy ship. Hancock Medical Center had one of their undergroundemergency generator fuel tanks flooded, with waterOBSERVATIONS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF CRITICAL FACILITIES4-19
covering the fill cap and all vent openings. They could not usethis tank, fearing that contaminated fuel would damage thepower generators.The capability to switch power to different locations at differentpoints in time is one of the most important features ofemergency power supply systems. However, most of the wiringsystems in facilities affected by Hurricane Katrina were not setup with this capability. Emergency power in most cases was notavailable to run the air-conditioning systems. Redundancy in theemergency power systems that would have allowed maintenanceand repair without disruption was lacking in most cases.Portable generators, where they existed, were invaluable. Theycould be moved around as needed, but the problem of outsideventilation was difficult to overcome when the power wasrequired away from vent openings. Use of generators indoorsis extremely dangerous and should not be attempted in anycircumstances.More and more hospitals are dependent on computerized systemsfor patient medical records, transmission of X-ray film and otherimages, reporting laboratory results, patient physiological monitors,and a myriad of other uses. Once the power is lost, thesesystems are shut down unless they are on emergency power.Piped oxygen and nitrous oxide supplies are essential for manypatients. With electrical systems out, pumping of medical gaswas not possible. Most of the hospitals maintained tanks of oxygenthat could be brought to the bedside (Figure 4-13), butonce the emergency supplies of medical gas ran out, the patientsat serious risk had to be evacuated.The experience of hospitals during Katrina indicates that therequirements for emergency power should have high priority.Generators should be located above the base flood elevation, beprotected from flying debris, and have appropriate exhaust ventsystems installed. Fuel storage tanks should be located abovethe flood elevation, or adequately anchored to ensure that thetank will not float off its foundation under pressure from risingfloodwaters. Hospitals in hurricane-prone regions should storesufficient fuel to support running generators at full load for at4-20 OBSERVATIONS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF CRITICAL FACILITIES
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Risk Management SeriesDesign Guidef
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Any opinions, findings, conclusions
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ational during and after a major di
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TARGET AUDIENCEThis manual describe
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Appendix A contains a list of acron
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Forster, FEMA; David Godschalk, Uni
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Chapter 2- Making Critical faciliti
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2.4.6 Utility Installations .......
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4.4.8 Utility Plumbing Systems.....
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avoid them when feasible. In cases
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It then crossed Florida into the Gu
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Figure 1-2: Mississippi coast SLOSH
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isks for the facility at the propos
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m Appoint a building program manage
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-Figure 1-3: Process flow chart for
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hazards, usually refers to a buildi
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occurrence during a specified time
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ut is moderate overall. Some hazard
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words, the acceptable performance o
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prior to the onset of this level of
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1.4 REFERENCESAmerican Society of C
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MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FRO
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m Land subsidence, which increases
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valley or the presence of obstructi
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2.1.1.1 Probability of Occurrence o
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year, a very low probability flood
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m FIRMs and Flood Insurance Studies
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Figure 2-3: Riverine flood hazard z
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have been prepared by the U.S. Army
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ABFEs represent the best estimate o
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The following characteristics that
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Figure 2-7 shows the general relati
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2.1.2.5 Hydrodynamic LoadsWater flo
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stillwater depth) and that waves pr
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Debris velocity: The velocity of th
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The most convincing evidence of the
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2.1.3.2 Summary of the NFIP Minimum
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complished through a State permit,
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Developed through a consensus proce
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2.2 CRITICAL FACILITIES EXPOSED TOF
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listed includes health hazards, los
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overview on performance-based desig
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Figure 2-12:Katrina’s storm surge
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Buoyancy and uplift: If below-grade
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acceptable, depending on the type o
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Metal components: Metal structural
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Emergency power generators: Generat
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Office records and police files: Wh
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2.3 REQUIREMENTS AND BESTPRACTICES
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terior drainage (on the land side);
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Slab-on-grade foundation on structu
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and debris and ice impact loads. Fl
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are capable of withstanding direct
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pressure, hydrodynamic loads, wave
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may significantly reduce the certai
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2.3.2.1 Elevation ConsiderationsThe
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Figure 2-30:Flood hazard zones inco
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path when designing and specifying
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ular attention to underfloor utilit
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2.3.5.4 Storage Tank InstallationsA
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2.4.2 SITE MODIFICATIONSA plan to m
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Mobilized floodwall: This category
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methods used to move other types of
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Even if a facility is unlikely to s
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Wastewater system components become
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Emergency barriers are measures of
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2.5 CHECKLIST FOR BUILDINGVULNERABI
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Table 2-3: Checklist for Building V
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FEMA, Protecting Building Utilities
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MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FRO
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flow is typically 6,000 to 12,000 f
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Tornado: This is a violently rotati
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Figure 3-3: Design wind speeds for
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Exposure: The characteristics of th
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Internal pressure (building pressur
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Figure 3-7:Schematic of internalpre
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Figure 3-8: Relative roof uplift pr
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larities will normally be based on
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spread in both of those storms. Pri
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and subsequent progressive failure;
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3.2 CRITICAL FACILITIES EXPOSED TOH
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Wall coverings, soffits, and large
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oof panels were applied over metal
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3.2.2 Evaluating Critical Facilitie
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Step 2: Perform a field investigati
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3.3.1.1 SiteWhen selecting land for
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schools are required to be designed
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As part of the detailed design effo
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steel. FEMA Technical Bulletin, Cor
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a window submittal should show that
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and limited uplift resistance of de
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Figure 3-23:View looking down at th
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m For buildings that have mechanica
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sionals should also specify the att
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Figure 3-31:Door sill pan flashing
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Adjustable jamb/head weatherstrippi
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E 2112 provides guidance on the des
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Soffits: Depending on the wind dire
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mph, those used for hurricane shelt
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Figure 3-47:These four ties werenev
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m Install ties as the brick is laid
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At the hospital shown in Figure 3-5
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etween the hospital and the medical
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metal panels were attached with con
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avoid blow-off. Stainless steel or
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If the roof system is fully adhered
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Figure 3-60:View of the underside o
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ities. For FMG-insured facilities,
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Figure 3-65:The original modifiedbi
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Figure 3-66:If mechanically attache
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Loads and Attachment Methods 9Infor
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Fan cowling attachment: Fans are fr
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Condenser attachment: In lieu of pl
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Boiler and exhaust stack attachment
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Figure 3-78:Collapsed hospital ligh
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Figure 3-80:The antenna tower atthi
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Table 3-3: Risk Reduction Design Me
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Table 3-3: Risk Reduction Design Me
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Chapter 4 for information on the pe
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Figure 3-83:Open walkways donot pro
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ASTM E 1996 specifies five missile
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ASCE 7 refers to ASTM E 1996 for mi
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For interior non-load-bearing mason
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m For structural metal roofs, it is
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Mechanically attached and air-press
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Figure 3-92:To avoid walkway padblo
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3.4.4.2 Mechanical PenthousesBy pla
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To enhance the wind performance of
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Mechanically attached single-ply me
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to power generation stations and by
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occupants can have bottled water pr
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Table 3-4: Recommendations for Desi
Page 274 and 275: Strong and violent tornadoes can ge
Page 276 and 277: For critical facilities located in
Page 278 and 279: Retrofitting a shelter space inside
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Page 284 and 285: 3.6.2 Building EnvelopeThe followin
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Page 290 and 291: Figure 3-116:The edge nailer on top
Page 292 and 293: Figure 3-118:The antenna at thishos
Page 294 and 295: 3.7 Checklist for BuildingVulnerabi
Page 296 and 297: Table 3-8: Checklist for Building V
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Page 300 and 301: 3.8 References and Sources ofAdditi
Page 302 and 303: American Society for Testing and Ma
Page 304: FEMA, Attachment of Brick Veneer in
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Page 309 and 310: Hurricane Katrina emphasized the fa
Page 311 and 312: The water supply was interrupted an
Page 313 and 314: Hancock Medical Center in Bay St. L
Page 315 and 316: Figure 4-4:Penthouse at the WestJef
Page 317 and 318: Figure 4-6:Repair of EIFS wallcover
Page 319 and 320: The primary cause of window breakag
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Page 323: 4.2.8 Mechanical and ElectricalSyst
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Page 329 and 330: mary and West Jefferson Medical Cen
Page 331 and 332: 4.3 EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES4.3.1 Bac
Page 333 and 334: 4.3.2 Effects of FloodingThe most d
Page 335 and 336: Figure 4-17:Broken windows atD’Ib
Page 337 and 338: St. Stanislaus High School in Bay S
Page 339 and 340: 4.3.6 Structural SystemsMost of the
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Page 343 and 344: Figure 4-27:Metal roof covering pee
Page 345 and 346: ment, especially HVAC systems, was
Page 347 and 348: Figure 4-30:Interior damage at Char
Page 349 and 350: m Doors should be designed to meet
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Page 353 and 354: 4.4.3 Effects of High WindsThe high
Page 355 and 356: Figure 4-33:Jackson County EOCFigur
Page 357 and 358: them experienced significant proble
Page 359 and 360: Figure 4-37:Back Bay Fire Company#3
Page 361 and 362: Figure 4-39:Gulfport Fire Station #
Page 363 and 364: Third District Fire Station in New
Page 365 and 366: Figure 4-44:Roof damage at HancockC
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Page 369 and 370: Figure 4-47:Generator mounted atgra
Page 371 and 372: Figure 4-49:Broken communicationsma
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FISFMAFMGFMRHMGPIBCICCICULPSMEPSMOB
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Building, enclosed. A building that
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Floodway. The channel and that port
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OOpenings. Apertures or holes in th
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FEMA Mitigation ProgramscFederal fu
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Table 1: Side-by-Side of FEMA Progr
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todial care facilities (including t
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aged windows with impact-resistant
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tions, and wastewater treatment pla
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