47.5 MB - The Whole Building Design Guide

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metal panels were attached with concealed fasteners. The panelsunlatched at the standing seams. In addition to generating windbornedebris, loss of panels allowed wind-driven rain to enter thebuilding.Figure 3-58:The loss of metal wallpanels allowed asubstantial amount of winddrivenrain to penetratethis building. HurricaneIvan (Florida, 2004)To minimize water infiltration at metal wall panel joints, it is recommendedthat sealant tape be specified at sidelaps when thebasic wind speed is in excess of 90 mph. However, endlaps shouldbe left unsealed so that moisture behind the panels can be wickedaway. Endlaps should be a minimum of 3 inches (4 inches wherethe basic wind speed is greater than 120 mph) to avoid winddrivenrain infiltration. At the base of thewall, a 3-inch (4-inch) flashing should also bedetailed, or the panels should be detailed tooverlap with the slab or other components bya minimum of 3 inches (4 inches).Vinyl siding: Vinyl siding blow-off is typicallycaused by nails spaced too far apart and/orthe use of vinyl siding that has inadequatewind resistance. Vinyl siding is availablewith enhanced wind resistance features,such as an enhanced nailing hem, greaterinterlocking area, and greater thickness.The Vinyl Siding Institute (VSI) sponsorsa Certified Installer Program thatrecognizes individuals with at least 1year of experience who can demonstrateproper vinyl siding application. If vinylsiding is specified, design professionalsshould consider specifying that the sidingcontractor be a VSI-certified installer. Forfurther information on this program, seewww.vinylsiding.org.MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FROM High Wind3-69
Secondary line of protection: Almost all wall coverings permit thepassage of some water past the exterior surface of the covering,particularly when the rain is wind-driven. For this reason, mostwall coverings should be considered water-shedding, rather thanwaterproofing coverings. To avoid moisture-related problems,it is recommended that a secondary line of protection with amoisture barrier (such as housewrap or asphalt-saturated felt)and flashings around door and window openings be provided.Designers should specify that horizontal laps of the moisturebarrier be installed so that water is allowed to drain from thewall (i.e., the top sheet should lap over the bottom sheet so thatwater running down the sheets remains on their outer surface).The bottom of the moisture barrier needs to be designed toallow drainage. Had the metal wall panels shown in Figure 3-58been applied over a moisture barrier and sheathing, the amountof water entering the building would have likely been eliminatedor greatly reduced.In areas that experience frequent wind-driven rain, incorporatinga rain screen design, by installing vertical furring stripsbetween the moisture barrier and siding materials, will facilitatedrainage of water from the space between the moisture barrierand backside of the siding. In areas that frequently experiencestrong winds, enhanced flashing is recommended. Enhancementsinclude use of flashings that have extra-long flanges,and the use of sealant and tapes. Flashing design should recognizethat wind-driven water could be pushed up vertically.The height to which water can be pushed increases with windspeed. Water can also migrate vertically and horizontally by capillaryaction between layers of materials (e.g., between a flashingflange and housewrap). Use of a rain screen design, in conjunctionwith enhanced flashing design, is recommended in areasthat frequently experience wind-driven rain or strong winds. Itis recommended that designers attempt to determine what typeof flashing details have successfully been used in the area wherethe facility will be constructed.Underside of Elevated FloorsIf sheathing is applied to the underside of joists or trusses elevatedon piles (e.g., to protect insulation installed between thejoists/trusses), its attachment should be specified in order to3-70 MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FROM High Wind
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Risk Management SeriesDesign Guidef
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Any opinions, findings, conclusions
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ational during and after a major di
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TARGET AUDIENCEThis manual describe
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Appendix A contains a list of acron
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Forster, FEMA; David Godschalk, Uni
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Chapter 2- Making Critical faciliti
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2.4.6 Utility Installations .......
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4.4.8 Utility Plumbing Systems.....
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avoid them when feasible. In cases
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It then crossed Florida into the Gu
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Figure 1-2: Mississippi coast SLOSH
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isks for the facility at the propos
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m Appoint a building program manage
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-Figure 1-3: Process flow chart for
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hazards, usually refers to a buildi
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occurrence during a specified time
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ut is moderate overall. Some hazard
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words, the acceptable performance o
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prior to the onset of this level of
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1.4 REFERENCESAmerican Society of C
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MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FRO
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m Land subsidence, which increases
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valley or the presence of obstructi
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2.1.1.1 Probability of Occurrence o
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year, a very low probability flood
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m FIRMs and Flood Insurance Studies
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Figure 2-3: Riverine flood hazard z
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have been prepared by the U.S. Army
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ABFEs represent the best estimate o
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The following characteristics that
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Figure 2-7 shows the general relati
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2.1.2.5 Hydrodynamic LoadsWater flo
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stillwater depth) and that waves pr
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Debris velocity: The velocity of th
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The most convincing evidence of the
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2.1.3.2 Summary of the NFIP Minimum
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complished through a State permit,
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Developed through a consensus proce
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2.2 CRITICAL FACILITIES EXPOSED TOF
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listed includes health hazards, los
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overview on performance-based desig
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Figure 2-12:Katrina’s storm surge
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Buoyancy and uplift: If below-grade
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acceptable, depending on the type o
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Metal components: Metal structural
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Emergency power generators: Generat
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Office records and police files: Wh
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2.3 REQUIREMENTS AND BESTPRACTICES
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terior drainage (on the land side);
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Slab-on-grade foundation on structu
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and debris and ice impact loads. Fl
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are capable of withstanding direct
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pressure, hydrodynamic loads, wave
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may significantly reduce the certai
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2.3.2.1 Elevation ConsiderationsThe
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Figure 2-30:Flood hazard zones inco
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path when designing and specifying
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ular attention to underfloor utilit
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2.3.5.4 Storage Tank InstallationsA
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2.4.2 SITE MODIFICATIONSA plan to m
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Mobilized floodwall: This category
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methods used to move other types of
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Even if a facility is unlikely to s
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Wastewater system components become
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Emergency barriers are measures of
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2.5 CHECKLIST FOR BUILDINGVULNERABI
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Table 2-3: Checklist for Building V
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FEMA, Protecting Building Utilities
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MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FRO
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flow is typically 6,000 to 12,000 f
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Tornado: This is a violently rotati
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Figure 3-3: Design wind speeds for
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Exposure: The characteristics of th
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Internal pressure (building pressur
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Figure 3-7:Schematic of internalpre
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Figure 3-8: Relative roof uplift pr
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larities will normally be based on
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Page 170 and 171: 3.2 CRITICAL FACILITIES EXPOSED TOH
Page 172 and 173: Wall coverings, soffits, and large
Page 174 and 175: oof panels were applied over metal
Page 176 and 177: 3.2.2 Evaluating Critical Facilitie
Page 178 and 179: Step 2: Perform a field investigati
Page 180 and 181: 3.3.1.1 SiteWhen selecting land for
Page 182 and 183: schools are required to be designed
Page 184 and 185: As part of the detailed design effo
Page 186 and 187: steel. FEMA Technical Bulletin, Cor
Page 188 and 189: a window submittal should show that
Page 190 and 191: and limited uplift resistance of de
Page 192 and 193: Figure 3-23:View looking down at th
Page 194 and 195: m For buildings that have mechanica
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Page 198 and 199: Figure 3-31:Door sill pan flashing
Page 200 and 201: Adjustable jamb/head weatherstrippi
Page 202 and 203: E 2112 provides guidance on the des
Page 204 and 205: Soffits: Depending on the wind dire
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Page 208 and 209: Figure 3-47:These four ties werenev
Page 210 and 211: m Install ties as the brick is laid
Page 212 and 213: At the hospital shown in Figure 3-5
Page 214 and 215: etween the hospital and the medical
Page 218 and 219: avoid blow-off. Stainless steel or
Page 220 and 221: If the roof system is fully adhered
Page 222 and 223: Figure 3-60:View of the underside o
Page 224 and 225: ities. For FMG-insured facilities,
Page 226 and 227: Figure 3-65:The original modifiedbi
Page 228 and 229: Figure 3-66:If mechanically attache
Page 230 and 231: Loads and Attachment Methods 9Infor
Page 232 and 233: Fan cowling attachment: Fans are fr
Page 234 and 235: Condenser attachment: In lieu of pl
Page 236 and 237: Boiler and exhaust stack attachment
Page 238 and 239: Figure 3-78:Collapsed hospital ligh
Page 240 and 241: Figure 3-80:The antenna tower atthi
Page 242 and 243: Table 3-3: Risk Reduction Design Me
Page 244 and 245: Table 3-3: Risk Reduction Design Me
Page 246 and 247: Chapter 4 for information on the pe
Page 248 and 249: Figure 3-83:Open walkways donot pro
Page 250 and 251: ASTM E 1996 specifies five missile
Page 252 and 253: ASCE 7 refers to ASTM E 1996 for mi
Page 254 and 255: For interior non-load-bearing mason
Page 256 and 257: m For structural metal roofs, it is
Page 258 and 259: Mechanically attached and air-press
Page 260 and 261: Figure 3-92:To avoid walkway padblo
Page 262 and 263: 3.4.4.2 Mechanical PenthousesBy pla
Page 264 and 265: To enhance the wind performance of
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Mechanically attached single-ply me
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to power generation stations and by
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occupants can have bottled water pr
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Table 3-4: Recommendations for Desi
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Strong and violent tornadoes can ge
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For critical facilities located in
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Retrofitting a shelter space inside
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funds are not available for strengt
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Figure 3-106:The school’s built-u
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3.6.2 Building EnvelopeThe followin
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Shutters are typically a more econo
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semblies with laminated glass assem
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Figure 3-116:The edge nailer on top
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Figure 3-118:The antenna at thishos
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3.7 Checklist for BuildingVulnerabi
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3.8 References and Sources ofAdditi
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American Society for Testing and Ma
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FEMA, Attachment of Brick Veneer in
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accompanied with suggestions on pos
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Hurricane Katrina emphasized the fa
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The water supply was interrupted an
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Hancock Medical Center in Bay St. L
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Figure 4-4:Penthouse at the WestJef
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Figure 4-6:Repair of EIFS wallcover
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The primary cause of window breakag
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West Jefferson Medical Center lost
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4.2.8 Mechanical and ElectricalSyst
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covering the fill cap and all vent
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emergency communications frequently
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mary and West Jefferson Medical Cen
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4.3 EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES4.3.1 Bac
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4.3.2 Effects of FloodingThe most d
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Figure 4-17:Broken windows atD’Ib
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St. Stanislaus High School in Bay S
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4.3.6 Structural SystemsMost of the
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The St. Stanislaus High School camp
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Figure 4-27:Metal roof covering pee
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ment, especially HVAC systems, was
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Figure 4-30:Interior damage at Char
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m Doors should be designed to meet
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different, most of them require and
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4.4.3 Effects of High WindsThe high
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Figure 4-33:Jackson County EOCFigur
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them experienced significant proble
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Figure 4-37:Back Bay Fire Company#3
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Figure 4-39:Gulfport Fire Station #
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Third District Fire Station in New
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Figure 4-44:Roof damage at HancockC
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underground tank for toilets and wa
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Figure 4-47:Generator mounted atgra
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Figure 4-49:Broken communicationsma
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erate without adequate emergency po
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FISFMAFMGFMRHMGPIBCICCICULPSMEPSMOB
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Building, enclosed. A building that
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Floodway. The channel and that port
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OOpenings. Apertures or holes in th
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FEMA Mitigation ProgramscFederal fu
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Table 1: Side-by-Side of FEMA Progr
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todial care facilities (including t
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aged windows with impact-resistant
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tions, and wastewater treatment pla
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