47.5 MB - The Whole Building Design Guide

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m For buildings that have mechanically attached single-ply ormodified bitumen membranes, designers should refer tothe decking recommendations presented in the Wind DesignGuide for Mechanically Attached Flexible Membrane Roofs, B1049(National Research Council of Canada, 2005).m If an FMG-rated roof assembly is specified, the roof deck alsoneeds to comply with the FMG criteria.m Walkway and entrance canopies are often damaged duringhigh winds (see Figure 3-28). Wind-borne debris fromdamaged canopies can damage nearby buildings and injurepeople, hence these elements should also receive design andconstruction attention.Figure 3-28:The destroyed walkwaycanopy in front of a schoolbecame wind-bornedebris. Hurricane Ivan(Florida, 2004)ASCE 7-05 provides pressure coefficients for open canopies of various slopes (referred to as“free roofs” in ASCE 7). The free roof figures for MWFRS in ASCE 7-05 (Figures 6-18A to 6-18D)include two load cases, Case A and Case B. While there is no discussion describing the twoload cases, they pertain to fluctuating loads and are intended to represent upper and lowerlimits of instantaneous wind pressures. Loads for both cases must be calculated to determine thecritical loads. Figures 6-18A to 6-18C are for a wind direction normal to the ridge. For winddirection parallel to the ridge, use Figure 6-18D in ASCE 7-05.MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FROM High Wind3-47
3.3.3 Building EnvelopeThe following section highlights the design considerations forbuilding envelope components that have historically sustained thegreatest and most frequent damage in high winds.3.3.3.1 Exterior DoorsFor further general information on doors,see “Fenestration Systems” in the NationalInstitute of Building Sciences’ BuildingEnvelope Design Guide (www.wbdg.org/design/envelope.php)This section addresses primary and secondaryegress doors, sectional (garage) doors, androlling doors. Although blow-off of personneldoors is uncommon, it can cause seriousproblems (see Figure 3-29). Blown-off doorsallow entrance of rain and tumbling doorscan damage buildings and cause injuries.Particular attention should be given tothe design and installation of fire stationapparatus bay doors which have beenblown-in or blown-out frequently (seeFigure 3-30). If doors blow inward, theycan damage fire engines and ambulancesand impair emergency response.Blown off sectional and rolling doors are quite common. Thesefailures are typically caused by the use of door and track assembliesthat have insufficient wind resistance, or by inadequateattachment of the tracks or nailers to the wall. At the relativelynew fire station shown in Figure 3-30, twoof the windward doors were pushed out oftheir tracks. At the third door, the track waspushed out from the nailer. With the collapseof these doors, the apparatus bay wasfully pressurized. Because the connectionsbetween the trusses and the beam were tooweak to accommodate the uplift load, theentire roof structure over the apparatus bayblew off.See Section 3.4.3.1 for critical facilities located in hurricaneproneregions.Loads and ResistanceThe IBC requires that the door assembly (i.e., door, hardware,frame, and frame attachment to the wall) be of sufficient strengthto resist the positive and negative design wind pressure. Designprofessionals should require that doors comply with windload testing in accordance with ASTM E 1233. Design profes-3-48 MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FROM High Wind
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Risk Management SeriesDesign Guidef
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Any opinions, findings, conclusions
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ational during and after a major di
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TARGET AUDIENCEThis manual describe
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Appendix A contains a list of acron
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Forster, FEMA; David Godschalk, Uni
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Chapter 2- Making Critical faciliti
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2.4.6 Utility Installations .......
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4.4.8 Utility Plumbing Systems.....
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avoid them when feasible. In cases
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It then crossed Florida into the Gu
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Figure 1-2: Mississippi coast SLOSH
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isks for the facility at the propos
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m Appoint a building program manage
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-Figure 1-3: Process flow chart for
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hazards, usually refers to a buildi
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occurrence during a specified time
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ut is moderate overall. Some hazard
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words, the acceptable performance o
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prior to the onset of this level of
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1.4 REFERENCESAmerican Society of C
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MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FRO
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m Land subsidence, which increases
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valley or the presence of obstructi
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2.1.1.1 Probability of Occurrence o
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year, a very low probability flood
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m FIRMs and Flood Insurance Studies
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Figure 2-3: Riverine flood hazard z
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have been prepared by the U.S. Army
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ABFEs represent the best estimate o
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The following characteristics that
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Figure 2-7 shows the general relati
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2.1.2.5 Hydrodynamic LoadsWater flo
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stillwater depth) and that waves pr
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Debris velocity: The velocity of th
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The most convincing evidence of the
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2.1.3.2 Summary of the NFIP Minimum
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complished through a State permit,
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Developed through a consensus proce
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2.2 CRITICAL FACILITIES EXPOSED TOF
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listed includes health hazards, los
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overview on performance-based desig
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Figure 2-12:Katrina’s storm surge
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Buoyancy and uplift: If below-grade
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acceptable, depending on the type o
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Metal components: Metal structural
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Emergency power generators: Generat
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Office records and police files: Wh
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2.3 REQUIREMENTS AND BESTPRACTICES
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terior drainage (on the land side);
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Slab-on-grade foundation on structu
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and debris and ice impact loads. Fl
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are capable of withstanding direct
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pressure, hydrodynamic loads, wave
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may significantly reduce the certai
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2.3.2.1 Elevation ConsiderationsThe
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Figure 2-30:Flood hazard zones inco
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path when designing and specifying
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ular attention to underfloor utilit
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2.3.5.4 Storage Tank InstallationsA
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2.4.2 SITE MODIFICATIONSA plan to m
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Mobilized floodwall: This category
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methods used to move other types of
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Even if a facility is unlikely to s
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Wastewater system components become
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Emergency barriers are measures of
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2.5 CHECKLIST FOR BUILDINGVULNERABI
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Table 2-3: Checklist for Building V
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Page 144 and 145: Table 2-3: Checklist for Building V
Page 146 and 147: FEMA, Protecting Building Utilities
Page 148 and 149: MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FRO
Page 150 and 151: flow is typically 6,000 to 12,000 f
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Page 154 and 155: Figure 3-3: Design wind speeds for
Page 156 and 157: Exposure: The characteristics of th
Page 158 and 159: Internal pressure (building pressur
Page 160 and 161: Figure 3-7:Schematic of internalpre
Page 162 and 163: Figure 3-8: Relative roof uplift pr
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Page 166 and 167: spread in both of those storms. Pri
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Page 170 and 171: 3.2 CRITICAL FACILITIES EXPOSED TOH
Page 172 and 173: Wall coverings, soffits, and large
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Page 176 and 177: 3.2.2 Evaluating Critical Facilitie
Page 178 and 179: Step 2: Perform a field investigati
Page 180 and 181: 3.3.1.1 SiteWhen selecting land for
Page 182 and 183: schools are required to be designed
Page 184 and 185: As part of the detailed design effo
Page 186 and 187: steel. FEMA Technical Bulletin, Cor
Page 188 and 189: a window submittal should show that
Page 190 and 191: and limited uplift resistance of de
Page 192 and 193: Figure 3-23:View looking down at th
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Page 198 and 199: Figure 3-31:Door sill pan flashing
Page 200 and 201: Adjustable jamb/head weatherstrippi
Page 202 and 203: E 2112 provides guidance on the des
Page 204 and 205: Soffits: Depending on the wind dire
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Page 208 and 209: Figure 3-47:These four ties werenev
Page 210 and 211: m Install ties as the brick is laid
Page 212 and 213: At the hospital shown in Figure 3-5
Page 214 and 215: etween the hospital and the medical
Page 216 and 217: metal panels were attached with con
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Page 220 and 221: If the roof system is fully adhered
Page 222 and 223: Figure 3-60:View of the underside o
Page 224 and 225: ities. For FMG-insured facilities,
Page 226 and 227: Figure 3-65:The original modifiedbi
Page 228 and 229: Figure 3-66:If mechanically attache
Page 230 and 231: Loads and Attachment Methods 9Infor
Page 232 and 233: Fan cowling attachment: Fans are fr
Page 234 and 235: Condenser attachment: In lieu of pl
Page 236 and 237: Boiler and exhaust stack attachment
Page 238 and 239: Figure 3-78:Collapsed hospital ligh
Page 240 and 241: Figure 3-80:The antenna tower atthi
Page 242 and 243: Table 3-3: Risk Reduction Design Me
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Table 3-3: Risk Reduction Design Me
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Chapter 4 for information on the pe
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Figure 3-83:Open walkways donot pro
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ASTM E 1996 specifies five missile
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ASCE 7 refers to ASTM E 1996 for mi
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For interior non-load-bearing mason
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m For structural metal roofs, it is
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Mechanically attached and air-press
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Figure 3-92:To avoid walkway padblo
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3.4.4.2 Mechanical PenthousesBy pla
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To enhance the wind performance of
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Mechanically attached single-ply me
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to power generation stations and by
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occupants can have bottled water pr
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Table 3-4: Recommendations for Desi
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Strong and violent tornadoes can ge
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For critical facilities located in
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Retrofitting a shelter space inside
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funds are not available for strengt
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Figure 3-106:The school’s built-u
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3.6.2 Building EnvelopeThe followin
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Shutters are typically a more econo
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semblies with laminated glass assem
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Figure 3-116:The edge nailer on top
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Figure 3-118:The antenna at thishos
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3.7 Checklist for BuildingVulnerabi
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3.8 References and Sources ofAdditi
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American Society for Testing and Ma
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FEMA, Attachment of Brick Veneer in
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accompanied with suggestions on pos
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Hurricane Katrina emphasized the fa
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The water supply was interrupted an
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Hancock Medical Center in Bay St. L
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Figure 4-4:Penthouse at the WestJef
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Figure 4-6:Repair of EIFS wallcover
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The primary cause of window breakag
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West Jefferson Medical Center lost
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4.2.8 Mechanical and ElectricalSyst
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covering the fill cap and all vent
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emergency communications frequently
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mary and West Jefferson Medical Cen
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4.3 EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES4.3.1 Bac
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4.3.2 Effects of FloodingThe most d
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Figure 4-17:Broken windows atD’Ib
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St. Stanislaus High School in Bay S
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4.3.6 Structural SystemsMost of the
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The St. Stanislaus High School camp
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Figure 4-27:Metal roof covering pee
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ment, especially HVAC systems, was
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Figure 4-30:Interior damage at Char
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m Doors should be designed to meet
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different, most of them require and
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4.4.3 Effects of High WindsThe high
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Figure 4-33:Jackson County EOCFigur
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them experienced significant proble
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Figure 4-37:Back Bay Fire Company#3
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Figure 4-39:Gulfport Fire Station #
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Third District Fire Station in New
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Figure 4-44:Roof damage at HancockC
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underground tank for toilets and wa
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Figure 4-47:Generator mounted atgra
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Figure 4-49:Broken communicationsma
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erate without adequate emergency po
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FISFMAFMGFMRHMGPIBCICCICULPSMEPSMOB
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Building, enclosed. A building that
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Floodway. The channel and that port
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OOpenings. Apertures or holes in th
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FEMA Mitigation ProgramscFederal fu
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Table 1: Side-by-Side of FEMA Progr
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todial care facilities (including t
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aged windows with impact-resistant
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tions, and wastewater treatment pla
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