47.5 MB - The Whole Building Design Guide

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Figure 2-3: Riverine flood hazard zonesFigure 2-4: Coastal flood hazard areasMAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FROM Flooding2-13
Coastal A Zone: The current editions of themodel building codes refer to ASCE 7 andASCE 24, which are two design standardsthat include requirements for CoastalA Zones that account for the increasedrisk from the additional wave height (seeSection 2.3.2).Shaded X (or B) Zones: This zone shows areas of the 500-year flood(0.2-percent-annual-chance flood), or areas protected by floodcontrol levees. This zone is not shown on many NFIP maps; its absencedoes not imply that flooding of this frequency will not occur.Unshaded X (or C) Zones: These zones are all land areas not mappedas flood hazard areas that are outside of the floodplain and designatedfor the purposes of regulating development pursuant tothe NFIP. These zones may still be subject to small stream floodingand flooding from local drainage problems.V Zones (V, VE, and V1-V30): Also known as coastal high-hazardareas or special flood hazard areas subject to high-velocity wave action.V Zones are relatively narrow areas along open coastlines andsome large lake shores that are subject to high-velocity wave actionfrom storms or seismic sources. V Zones extend from offshoreto the inland limit of a primary frontal dune, or to an inland limitwhere the height of breaking waves drops below 3 feet.Coastal A Zone: This zone, which is not delineated on NFIP maps,is where the potential of breaking wave heights is between 1.5feet and 3 feet during base flood conditions. Coastal A Zonesare landward of the mapped V Zone, or landward of open coaststhat do not have a V Zone because breakingwaves are predicted to be less than 3 feethigh. In these areas, the principal sources offlooding are tides, storm surges, seiches, ortsunamis, not riverine flooding.Flood hazards and characteristics of floodingmust be identified to evaluate appropriatelythe impact of site development, to calculateflood loads, to design floodproofing measures,and to identify and prioritize retrofitmeasures for existing critical facilities. Table 2-3 in Section 2.5 outlinesa series of questions to facilitate this objective.Many characteristics of flooding are not shown on the FIRMs butmay be found in the FIS or the study or report prepared by the entitythat produced the flood hazard map. Hurricane storm surgeinundation maps based on the National Hurricane Center models2-14 MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FROM Flooding
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Risk Management SeriesDesign Guidef
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Any opinions, findings, conclusions
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ational during and after a major di
Page 7 and 8: TARGET AUDIENCEThis manual describe
Page 9 and 10: Appendix A contains a list of acron
Page 11 and 12: Forster, FEMA; David Godschalk, Uni
Page 13 and 14: Chapter 2- Making Critical faciliti
Page 15: 2.4.6 Utility Installations .......
Page 19 and 20: 4.4.8 Utility Plumbing Systems.....
Page 21 and 22: avoid them when feasible. In cases
Page 23 and 24: It then crossed Florida into the Gu
Page 25: Figure 1-2: Mississippi coast SLOSH
Page 28 and 29: isks for the facility at the propos
Page 30 and 31: m Appoint a building program manage
Page 32 and 33: -Figure 1-3: Process flow chart for
Page 34 and 35: hazards, usually refers to a buildi
Page 36 and 37: occurrence during a specified time
Page 38 and 39: ut is moderate overall. Some hazard
Page 40 and 41: words, the acceptable performance o
Page 42 and 43: prior to the onset of this level of
Page 44 and 45: 1.4 REFERENCESAmerican Society of C
Page 46 and 47: MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FRO
Page 48 and 49: m Land subsidence, which increases
Page 50 and 51: valley or the presence of obstructi
Page 52 and 53: 2.1.1.1 Probability of Occurrence o
Page 54 and 55: year, a very low probability flood
Page 56 and 57: m FIRMs and Flood Insurance Studies
Page 60 and 61: have been prepared by the U.S. Army
Page 62 and 63: ABFEs represent the best estimate o
Page 64 and 65: The following characteristics that
Page 66 and 67: Figure 2-7 shows the general relati
Page 68 and 69: 2.1.2.5 Hydrodynamic LoadsWater flo
Page 70 and 71: stillwater depth) and that waves pr
Page 72 and 73: Debris velocity: The velocity of th
Page 74 and 75: The most convincing evidence of the
Page 76 and 77: 2.1.3.2 Summary of the NFIP Minimum
Page 78 and 79: complished through a State permit,
Page 80 and 81: Developed through a consensus proce
Page 82 and 83: 2.2 CRITICAL FACILITIES EXPOSED TOF
Page 84 and 85: listed includes health hazards, los
Page 86 and 87: overview on performance-based desig
Page 88 and 89: Figure 2-12:Katrina’s storm surge
Page 90 and 91: Buoyancy and uplift: If below-grade
Page 92 and 93: acceptable, depending on the type o
Page 94 and 95: Metal components: Metal structural
Page 96 and 97: Emergency power generators: Generat
Page 98 and 99: Office records and police files: Wh
Page 100 and 101: 2.3 REQUIREMENTS AND BESTPRACTICES
Page 102 and 103: terior drainage (on the land side);
Page 104 and 105: Slab-on-grade foundation on structu
Page 106 and 107: and debris and ice impact loads. Fl
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are capable of withstanding direct
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pressure, hydrodynamic loads, wave
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may significantly reduce the certai
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2.3.2.1 Elevation ConsiderationsThe
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Figure 2-30:Flood hazard zones inco
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path when designing and specifying
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ular attention to underfloor utilit
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2.3.5.4 Storage Tank InstallationsA
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2.4.2 SITE MODIFICATIONSA plan to m
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Mobilized floodwall: This category
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methods used to move other types of
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Even if a facility is unlikely to s
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Wastewater system components become
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Emergency barriers are measures of
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2.5 CHECKLIST FOR BUILDINGVULNERABI
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Table 2-3: Checklist for Building V
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FEMA, Protecting Building Utilities
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MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FRO
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flow is typically 6,000 to 12,000 f
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Tornado: This is a violently rotati
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Figure 3-3: Design wind speeds for
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Exposure: The characteristics of th
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Internal pressure (building pressur
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Figure 3-7:Schematic of internalpre
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Figure 3-8: Relative roof uplift pr
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larities will normally be based on
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spread in both of those storms. Pri
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and subsequent progressive failure;
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3.2 CRITICAL FACILITIES EXPOSED TOH
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Wall coverings, soffits, and large
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oof panels were applied over metal
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3.2.2 Evaluating Critical Facilitie
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Step 2: Perform a field investigati
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3.3.1.1 SiteWhen selecting land for
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schools are required to be designed
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As part of the detailed design effo
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steel. FEMA Technical Bulletin, Cor
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a window submittal should show that
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and limited uplift resistance of de
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Figure 3-23:View looking down at th
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m For buildings that have mechanica
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sionals should also specify the att
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Figure 3-31:Door sill pan flashing
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Adjustable jamb/head weatherstrippi
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E 2112 provides guidance on the des
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Soffits: Depending on the wind dire
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mph, those used for hurricane shelt
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Figure 3-47:These four ties werenev
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m Install ties as the brick is laid
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At the hospital shown in Figure 3-5
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etween the hospital and the medical
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metal panels were attached with con
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avoid blow-off. Stainless steel or
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If the roof system is fully adhered
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Figure 3-60:View of the underside o
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ities. For FMG-insured facilities,
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Figure 3-65:The original modifiedbi
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Figure 3-66:If mechanically attache
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Loads and Attachment Methods 9Infor
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Fan cowling attachment: Fans are fr
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Condenser attachment: In lieu of pl
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Boiler and exhaust stack attachment
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Figure 3-78:Collapsed hospital ligh
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Figure 3-80:The antenna tower atthi
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Table 3-3: Risk Reduction Design Me
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Table 3-3: Risk Reduction Design Me
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Chapter 4 for information on the pe
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Figure 3-83:Open walkways donot pro
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ASTM E 1996 specifies five missile
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ASCE 7 refers to ASTM E 1996 for mi
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For interior non-load-bearing mason
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m For structural metal roofs, it is
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Mechanically attached and air-press
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Figure 3-92:To avoid walkway padblo
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3.4.4.2 Mechanical PenthousesBy pla
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To enhance the wind performance of
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Mechanically attached single-ply me
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to power generation stations and by
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occupants can have bottled water pr
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Table 3-4: Recommendations for Desi
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Strong and violent tornadoes can ge
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For critical facilities located in
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Retrofitting a shelter space inside
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funds are not available for strengt
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Figure 3-106:The school’s built-u
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3.6.2 Building EnvelopeThe followin
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Shutters are typically a more econo
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semblies with laminated glass assem
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Figure 3-116:The edge nailer on top
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Figure 3-118:The antenna at thishos
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3.7 Checklist for BuildingVulnerabi
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3.8 References and Sources ofAdditi
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American Society for Testing and Ma
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FEMA, Attachment of Brick Veneer in
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accompanied with suggestions on pos
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Hurricane Katrina emphasized the fa
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The water supply was interrupted an
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Hancock Medical Center in Bay St. L
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Figure 4-4:Penthouse at the WestJef
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Figure 4-6:Repair of EIFS wallcover
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The primary cause of window breakag
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West Jefferson Medical Center lost
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4.2.8 Mechanical and ElectricalSyst
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covering the fill cap and all vent
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emergency communications frequently
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mary and West Jefferson Medical Cen
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4.3 EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES4.3.1 Bac
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4.3.2 Effects of FloodingThe most d
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Figure 4-17:Broken windows atD’Ib
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St. Stanislaus High School in Bay S
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4.3.6 Structural SystemsMost of the
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The St. Stanislaus High School camp
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Figure 4-27:Metal roof covering pee
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ment, especially HVAC systems, was
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Figure 4-30:Interior damage at Char
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m Doors should be designed to meet
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different, most of them require and
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4.4.3 Effects of High WindsThe high
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Figure 4-33:Jackson County EOCFigur
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them experienced significant proble
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Figure 4-37:Back Bay Fire Company#3
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Figure 4-39:Gulfport Fire Station #
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Third District Fire Station in New
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Figure 4-44:Roof damage at HancockC
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underground tank for toilets and wa
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Figure 4-47:Generator mounted atgra
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Figure 4-49:Broken communicationsma
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erate without adequate emergency po
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FISFMAFMGFMRHMGPIBCICCICULPSMEPSMOB
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Building, enclosed. A building that
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Floodway. The channel and that port
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OOpenings. Apertures or holes in th
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FEMA Mitigation ProgramscFederal fu
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Table 1: Side-by-Side of FEMA Progr
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todial care facilities (including t
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aged windows with impact-resistant
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tions, and wastewater treatment pla
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