47.5 MB - The Whole Building Design Guide

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m New Orleans Police Department (New Orleans, Louisiana)m Gulfport Police Department (Gulfport, Mississippi)m Pass Christian Police Department (Pass Christian, Mississippi)m New Orleans Fire Department (New Orleans, Louisiana)m Gulfport Fire Department (Gulfport, Mississippi)m Pass Christian Fire Department (Pass Christian, Mississippi)m Cuevas Volunteer Fire Department (Pass Christian,Mississippi)m Back Bay Fire Company #3 (Biloxi, Mississippi)4.4.2 Effects of FloodingFlooding during Hurricane Katrina, especially the impact of thestorm surge and levee failures, caused heavy damage that disruptedthe long-term functional capabilities of the emergencyresponse system.The facilities damaged by rising water were generally rendereduninhabitable after the water receded. As a result, theemergency response teams were forced to relocate the operationselsewhere. Evacuation and relocation was common amongdamaged fire rescue and police facilities and affected their operationson many levels. Firstly, relocating farther away from theirservice areas meant that the response time to emergency calls increasedsubstantially. Secondly, the response teams were forcedto operate from temporary accommodations with inadequate facilitiesthat were frequently overcrowded. Thirdly, new facilitieslacked adequate supplies and services for the extra personnel,which required numerous improvisations, further hampering theoperations.OBSERVATIONS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF CRITICAL FACILITIES4-47
4.4.3 Effects of High WindsThe highest gust wind speeds during Hurricane Katrina were typicallybelow the design wind speeds for this area, which rangefrom 120 to 150 mph. Despite this, many emergency response facilitiessustained damage that disrupted their operations, and in afew cases shut down the facility. Most of the damage was confinedto the building envelope. Portions of metal roofing were liftedand peeled off; aggregate roof surfacing was blown off, becomingwind-borne debris; and roof-mounted equipment, including communicationtowers and antennae, were toppled or broken. Metalwall-cladding panels detached or peeled off on a number of facilities,exposing the interior to pressurization and rainwaterpenetration. Doors and windows were damaged by wind-borne debris,allowing the penetration of wind-driven rain.4.4.4 Site SelectionIdeally, the emergency response facilities should not be located ina floodplain or a site exposed to other types of hazards. However,emergency response facilities, especially fire rescue and police stations,must contend with geographic limitations pertaining to sizeand adequate coverage of their service areas that frequently placethem in hazardous locations. Many of the facilities flooded duringKatrina were located in designated floodplains. However, thisfact alone does not explain the catastrophic damage sustained byfacilities such as the police and fire stations in Pass Christian, Mississippi(see Figure 4-32), because most of the facilities damagedby flooding were built above the minimum required elevations.The primary reason for the widespread damage is the catastrophicnature of the flooding, caused by extremely high storm surge andthe failure of levees in New Orleans.In locations where the emergency response facilities were built toa higher standard than required by local regulations, the adverseeffects of Katrina were substantially reduced. The Jackson CountyEOC occupies the second floor of a municipal building locatedin Pascagoula, Mississippi. An examination of the storm surgeflooding associated with different hurricane scenarios indicatedthat the site would be inundated during a Category 3 hurricane.Consequently, the county decided to design the building to be4-48 OBSERVATIONS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF CRITICAL FACILITIES
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Risk Management SeriesDesign Guidef
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Any opinions, findings, conclusions
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ational during and after a major di
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TARGET AUDIENCEThis manual describe
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Appendix A contains a list of acron
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Forster, FEMA; David Godschalk, Uni
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Chapter 2- Making Critical faciliti
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2.4.6 Utility Installations .......
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4.4.8 Utility Plumbing Systems.....
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avoid them when feasible. In cases
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It then crossed Florida into the Gu
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Figure 1-2: Mississippi coast SLOSH
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isks for the facility at the propos
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m Appoint a building program manage
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-Figure 1-3: Process flow chart for
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hazards, usually refers to a buildi
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occurrence during a specified time
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ut is moderate overall. Some hazard
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words, the acceptable performance o
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prior to the onset of this level of
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1.4 REFERENCESAmerican Society of C
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MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FRO
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m Land subsidence, which increases
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valley or the presence of obstructi
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2.1.1.1 Probability of Occurrence o
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year, a very low probability flood
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m FIRMs and Flood Insurance Studies
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Figure 2-3: Riverine flood hazard z
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have been prepared by the U.S. Army
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ABFEs represent the best estimate o
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The following characteristics that
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Figure 2-7 shows the general relati
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2.1.2.5 Hydrodynamic LoadsWater flo
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stillwater depth) and that waves pr
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Debris velocity: The velocity of th
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The most convincing evidence of the
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2.1.3.2 Summary of the NFIP Minimum
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complished through a State permit,
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Developed through a consensus proce
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2.2 CRITICAL FACILITIES EXPOSED TOF
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listed includes health hazards, los
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overview on performance-based desig
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Figure 2-12:Katrina’s storm surge
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Buoyancy and uplift: If below-grade
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acceptable, depending on the type o
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Metal components: Metal structural
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Emergency power generators: Generat
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Office records and police files: Wh
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2.3 REQUIREMENTS AND BESTPRACTICES
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terior drainage (on the land side);
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Slab-on-grade foundation on structu
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and debris and ice impact loads. Fl
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are capable of withstanding direct
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pressure, hydrodynamic loads, wave
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may significantly reduce the certai
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2.3.2.1 Elevation ConsiderationsThe
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Figure 2-30:Flood hazard zones inco
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path when designing and specifying
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ular attention to underfloor utilit
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2.3.5.4 Storage Tank InstallationsA
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2.4.2 SITE MODIFICATIONSA plan to m
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Mobilized floodwall: This category
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methods used to move other types of
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Even if a facility is unlikely to s
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Wastewater system components become
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Emergency barriers are measures of
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2.5 CHECKLIST FOR BUILDINGVULNERABI
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Table 2-3: Checklist for Building V
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FEMA, Protecting Building Utilities
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MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FRO
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flow is typically 6,000 to 12,000 f
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Tornado: This is a violently rotati
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Figure 3-3: Design wind speeds for
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Exposure: The characteristics of th
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Internal pressure (building pressur
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Figure 3-7:Schematic of internalpre
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Figure 3-8: Relative roof uplift pr
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larities will normally be based on
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spread in both of those storms. Pri
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and subsequent progressive failure;
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3.2 CRITICAL FACILITIES EXPOSED TOH
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Wall coverings, soffits, and large
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oof panels were applied over metal
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3.2.2 Evaluating Critical Facilitie
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Step 2: Perform a field investigati
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3.3.1.1 SiteWhen selecting land for
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schools are required to be designed
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As part of the detailed design effo
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steel. FEMA Technical Bulletin, Cor
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a window submittal should show that
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and limited uplift resistance of de
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Figure 3-23:View looking down at th
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m For buildings that have mechanica
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sionals should also specify the att
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Figure 3-31:Door sill pan flashing
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Adjustable jamb/head weatherstrippi
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E 2112 provides guidance on the des
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Soffits: Depending on the wind dire
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mph, those used for hurricane shelt
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Figure 3-47:These four ties werenev
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m Install ties as the brick is laid
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At the hospital shown in Figure 3-5
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etween the hospital and the medical
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metal panels were attached with con
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avoid blow-off. Stainless steel or
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If the roof system is fully adhered
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Figure 3-60:View of the underside o
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ities. For FMG-insured facilities,
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Figure 3-65:The original modifiedbi
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Figure 3-66:If mechanically attache
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Loads and Attachment Methods 9Infor
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Fan cowling attachment: Fans are fr
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Condenser attachment: In lieu of pl
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Boiler and exhaust stack attachment
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Figure 3-78:Collapsed hospital ligh
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Figure 3-80:The antenna tower atthi
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Table 3-3: Risk Reduction Design Me
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Table 3-3: Risk Reduction Design Me
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Chapter 4 for information on the pe
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Figure 3-83:Open walkways donot pro
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ASTM E 1996 specifies five missile
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ASCE 7 refers to ASTM E 1996 for mi
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For interior non-load-bearing mason
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m For structural metal roofs, it is
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Mechanically attached and air-press
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Figure 3-92:To avoid walkway padblo
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3.4.4.2 Mechanical PenthousesBy pla
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To enhance the wind performance of
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Mechanically attached single-ply me
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to power generation stations and by
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occupants can have bottled water pr
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Table 3-4: Recommendations for Desi
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Strong and violent tornadoes can ge
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For critical facilities located in
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Retrofitting a shelter space inside
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funds are not available for strengt
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Figure 3-106:The school’s built-u
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3.6.2 Building EnvelopeThe followin
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Shutters are typically a more econo
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semblies with laminated glass assem
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Figure 3-116:The edge nailer on top
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Figure 3-118:The antenna at thishos
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3.7 Checklist for BuildingVulnerabi
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3.8 References and Sources ofAdditi
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Page 304: FEMA, Attachment of Brick Veneer in
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Page 309 and 310: Hurricane Katrina emphasized the fa
Page 311 and 312: The water supply was interrupted an
Page 313 and 314: Hancock Medical Center in Bay St. L
Page 315 and 316: Figure 4-4:Penthouse at the WestJef
Page 317 and 318: Figure 4-6:Repair of EIFS wallcover
Page 319 and 320: The primary cause of window breakag
Page 321 and 322: West Jefferson Medical Center lost
Page 323 and 324: 4.2.8 Mechanical and ElectricalSyst
Page 325 and 326: covering the fill cap and all vent
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Page 329 and 330: mary and West Jefferson Medical Cen
Page 331 and 332: 4.3 EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES4.3.1 Bac
Page 333 and 334: 4.3.2 Effects of FloodingThe most d
Page 335 and 336: Figure 4-17:Broken windows atD’Ib
Page 337 and 338: St. Stanislaus High School in Bay S
Page 339 and 340: 4.3.6 Structural SystemsMost of the
Page 341 and 342: The St. Stanislaus High School camp
Page 343 and 344: Figure 4-27:Metal roof covering pee
Page 345 and 346: ment, especially HVAC systems, was
Page 347 and 348: Figure 4-30:Interior damage at Char
Page 349 and 350: m Doors should be designed to meet
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Page 355 and 356: Figure 4-33:Jackson County EOCFigur
Page 357 and 358: them experienced significant proble
Page 359 and 360: Figure 4-37:Back Bay Fire Company#3
Page 361 and 362: Figure 4-39:Gulfport Fire Station #
Page 363 and 364: Third District Fire Station in New
Page 365 and 366: Figure 4-44:Roof damage at HancockC
Page 367 and 368: underground tank for toilets and wa
Page 369 and 370: Figure 4-47:Generator mounted atgra
Page 371 and 372: Figure 4-49:Broken communicationsma
Page 373 and 374: erate without adequate emergency po
Page 375 and 376: FISFMAFMGFMRHMGPIBCICCICULPSMEPSMOB
Page 377 and 378: Building, enclosed. A building that
Page 379 and 380: Floodway. The channel and that port
Page 381 and 382: OOpenings. Apertures or holes in th
Page 383 and 384: FEMA Mitigation ProgramscFederal fu
Page 385 and 386: Table 1: Side-by-Side of FEMA Progr
Page 387 and 388: todial care facilities (including t
Page 389 and 390: aged windows with impact-resistant
Page 391: tions, and wastewater treatment pla
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