47.5 MB - The Whole Building Design Guide

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Figure 4-10:Broken windows at WestJefferson Medical CenterFigure 4-11:Blocked doors at HancockMedical CenterHancock Medical Center lost numerous fan cowlings and otherrooftop equipment, which left openings in the roof. Water penetratedthe building through these openings, reaching the firstfloor, and damaged boilers and other equipment. Vent openings inthe elevator penthouse in Touro Infirmary were blown off, allowingwater penetration. The water damaged the electrical and mechanicalequipment and controllers, shutting down the elevators.OBSERVATIONS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF CRITICAL FACILITIES4-15
West Jefferson Medical Center lost a number of cowlings andother covers causing water damage to equipment in the roomsbelow the roof. Some motors were sealed and continued to workduring the storm.All rooftop equipment should be safely secured to the curband stay in place during a high-wind event. Equipment thathas a high failure rate in high-wind events includes air-conditioningcondensers, HVAC units, exhaust fans and air intakeand exhausts.4.2.7 Utility Plumbing SystemsHospitals depend heavily on municipal services and other utilities.While it is possible to go into a minimal function mode and stillmaintain patient safety, certain utility systems must be operable.In many cases, Hurricane Katrina and the subsequent floodingpushed hospitals beyond the limits of even a minimal functionmode. Many had to be shut down, and the patients and staff hadto be evacuated. In addition to the loss of electrical power, themost common problem in maintaining the operations proved tobe the failure of water supply and sewer systems.Most hospitals lost water within a day or two following HurricaneKatrina’s landfall. Even when the water service was restored,it was suspected of contamination. Drinking water was in shortsupply in many hospitals. West Jefferson Medical Center receivedthree truck loads of bottled water from a local retailer in the aftermathof the storm, but other hospitals suffered from seriousshortages. A running water supply is critical for boilers to producesteam for sterilizing; for the chillers for the air-conditioningsystem; and for sanitary uses like toilets, washing dishes andlinens, bathing patients, etc. The most successful hospitals hadtheir own wells from which they pumped water using an emergencypower supply. The hospitals that stayed without water andan emergency power supply had to evacuate patients as quicklyas possible. As a consequence of this experience, West JeffersonMedical Center is planning to install two wells to provide bothsufficient capacity and redundancy. One well will service the centralplant boilers and chillers, and the other will be dedicated tohospital operations.4-16 OBSERVATIONS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF CRITICAL FACILITIES
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Risk Management SeriesDesign Guidef
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Any opinions, findings, conclusions
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ational during and after a major di
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TARGET AUDIENCEThis manual describe
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Appendix A contains a list of acron
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Forster, FEMA; David Godschalk, Uni
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Chapter 2- Making Critical faciliti
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2.4.6 Utility Installations .......
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4.4.8 Utility Plumbing Systems.....
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avoid them when feasible. In cases
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It then crossed Florida into the Gu
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Figure 1-2: Mississippi coast SLOSH
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isks for the facility at the propos
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m Appoint a building program manage
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-Figure 1-3: Process flow chart for
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hazards, usually refers to a buildi
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occurrence during a specified time
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ut is moderate overall. Some hazard
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words, the acceptable performance o
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prior to the onset of this level of
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1.4 REFERENCESAmerican Society of C
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MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FRO
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m Land subsidence, which increases
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valley or the presence of obstructi
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2.1.1.1 Probability of Occurrence o
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year, a very low probability flood
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m FIRMs and Flood Insurance Studies
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Figure 2-3: Riverine flood hazard z
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have been prepared by the U.S. Army
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ABFEs represent the best estimate o
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The following characteristics that
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Figure 2-7 shows the general relati
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2.1.2.5 Hydrodynamic LoadsWater flo
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stillwater depth) and that waves pr
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Debris velocity: The velocity of th
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The most convincing evidence of the
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2.1.3.2 Summary of the NFIP Minimum
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complished through a State permit,
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Developed through a consensus proce
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2.2 CRITICAL FACILITIES EXPOSED TOF
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listed includes health hazards, los
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overview on performance-based desig
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Figure 2-12:Katrina’s storm surge
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Buoyancy and uplift: If below-grade
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acceptable, depending on the type o
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Metal components: Metal structural
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Emergency power generators: Generat
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Office records and police files: Wh
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2.3 REQUIREMENTS AND BESTPRACTICES
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terior drainage (on the land side);
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Slab-on-grade foundation on structu
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and debris and ice impact loads. Fl
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are capable of withstanding direct
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pressure, hydrodynamic loads, wave
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may significantly reduce the certai
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2.3.2.1 Elevation ConsiderationsThe
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Figure 2-30:Flood hazard zones inco
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path when designing and specifying
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ular attention to underfloor utilit
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2.3.5.4 Storage Tank InstallationsA
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2.4.2 SITE MODIFICATIONSA plan to m
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Mobilized floodwall: This category
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methods used to move other types of
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Even if a facility is unlikely to s
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Wastewater system components become
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Emergency barriers are measures of
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2.5 CHECKLIST FOR BUILDINGVULNERABI
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Table 2-3: Checklist for Building V
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FEMA, Protecting Building Utilities
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MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FRO
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flow is typically 6,000 to 12,000 f
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Tornado: This is a violently rotati
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Figure 3-3: Design wind speeds for
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Exposure: The characteristics of th
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Internal pressure (building pressur
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Figure 3-7:Schematic of internalpre
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Figure 3-8: Relative roof uplift pr
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larities will normally be based on
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spread in both of those storms. Pri
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and subsequent progressive failure;
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3.2 CRITICAL FACILITIES EXPOSED TOH
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Wall coverings, soffits, and large
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oof panels were applied over metal
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3.2.2 Evaluating Critical Facilitie
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Step 2: Perform a field investigati
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3.3.1.1 SiteWhen selecting land for
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schools are required to be designed
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As part of the detailed design effo
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steel. FEMA Technical Bulletin, Cor
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a window submittal should show that
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and limited uplift resistance of de
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Figure 3-23:View looking down at th
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m For buildings that have mechanica
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sionals should also specify the att
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Figure 3-31:Door sill pan flashing
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Adjustable jamb/head weatherstrippi
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E 2112 provides guidance on the des
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Soffits: Depending on the wind dire
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mph, those used for hurricane shelt
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Figure 3-47:These four ties werenev
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m Install ties as the brick is laid
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At the hospital shown in Figure 3-5
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etween the hospital and the medical
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metal panels were attached with con
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avoid blow-off. Stainless steel or
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If the roof system is fully adhered
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Figure 3-60:View of the underside o
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ities. For FMG-insured facilities,
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Figure 3-65:The original modifiedbi
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Figure 3-66:If mechanically attache
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Loads and Attachment Methods 9Infor
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Fan cowling attachment: Fans are fr
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Condenser attachment: In lieu of pl
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Boiler and exhaust stack attachment
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Figure 3-78:Collapsed hospital ligh
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Figure 3-80:The antenna tower atthi
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Table 3-3: Risk Reduction Design Me
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Table 3-3: Risk Reduction Design Me
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Chapter 4 for information on the pe
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Figure 3-83:Open walkways donot pro
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ASTM E 1996 specifies five missile
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ASCE 7 refers to ASTM E 1996 for mi
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For interior non-load-bearing mason
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m For structural metal roofs, it is
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Mechanically attached and air-press
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Figure 3-92:To avoid walkway padblo
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3.4.4.2 Mechanical PenthousesBy pla
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To enhance the wind performance of
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Mechanically attached single-ply me
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to power generation stations and by
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Page 272 and 273: Table 3-4: Recommendations for Desi
Page 274 and 275: Strong and violent tornadoes can ge
Page 276 and 277: For critical facilities located in
Page 278 and 279: Retrofitting a shelter space inside
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Page 282 and 283: Figure 3-106:The school’s built-u
Page 284 and 285: 3.6.2 Building EnvelopeThe followin
Page 286 and 287: Shutters are typically a more econo
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Page 290 and 291: Figure 3-116:The edge nailer on top
Page 292 and 293: Figure 3-118:The antenna at thishos
Page 294 and 295: 3.7 Checklist for BuildingVulnerabi
Page 296 and 297: Table 3-8: Checklist for Building V
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Page 300 and 301: 3.8 References and Sources ofAdditi
Page 302 and 303: American Society for Testing and Ma
Page 304: FEMA, Attachment of Brick Veneer in
Page 307 and 308: accompanied with suggestions on pos
Page 309 and 310: Hurricane Katrina emphasized the fa
Page 311 and 312: The water supply was interrupted an
Page 313 and 314: Hancock Medical Center in Bay St. L
Page 315 and 316: Figure 4-4:Penthouse at the WestJef
Page 317 and 318: Figure 4-6:Repair of EIFS wallcover
Page 319: The primary cause of window breakag
Page 323 and 324: 4.2.8 Mechanical and ElectricalSyst
Page 325 and 326: covering the fill cap and all vent
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Page 329 and 330: mary and West Jefferson Medical Cen
Page 331 and 332: 4.3 EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES4.3.1 Bac
Page 333 and 334: 4.3.2 Effects of FloodingThe most d
Page 335 and 336: Figure 4-17:Broken windows atD’Ib
Page 337 and 338: St. Stanislaus High School in Bay S
Page 339 and 340: 4.3.6 Structural SystemsMost of the
Page 341 and 342: The St. Stanislaus High School camp
Page 343 and 344: Figure 4-27:Metal roof covering pee
Page 345 and 346: ment, especially HVAC systems, was
Page 347 and 348: Figure 4-30:Interior damage at Char
Page 349 and 350: m Doors should be designed to meet
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Page 353 and 354: 4.4.3 Effects of High WindsThe high
Page 355 and 356: Figure 4-33:Jackson County EOCFigur
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Page 359 and 360: Figure 4-37:Back Bay Fire Company#3
Page 361 and 362: Figure 4-39:Gulfport Fire Station #
Page 363 and 364: Third District Fire Station in New
Page 365 and 366: Figure 4-44:Roof damage at HancockC
Page 367 and 368: underground tank for toilets and wa
Page 369 and 370: Figure 4-47:Generator mounted atgra
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Figure 4-49:Broken communicationsma
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erate without adequate emergency po
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FISFMAFMGFMRHMGPIBCICCICULPSMEPSMOB
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Building, enclosed. A building that
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Floodway. The channel and that port
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OOpenings. Apertures or holes in th
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FEMA Mitigation ProgramscFederal fu
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Table 1: Side-by-Side of FEMA Progr
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todial care facilities (including t
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aged windows with impact-resistant
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tions, and wastewater treatment pla
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