47.5 MB - The Whole Building Design Guide

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EErodible soil. Soil subject to wearing away due to the effects of wind, water, or other geologicalprocesses during a flood or storm or long-term exposure.Escarpment. Also known as a scarp. With respect to topographic effects, a cliff or steep slopegenerally separating two levels or gently sloping areas.Exposure. The characteristics of the ground roughness and surface irregularities in the vicinityof a building. ASCE 7 defines three exposure categories—Exposures B, C, and D.Extratropical storm. A cyclonic storm that forms outside of the tropical zone. Extratropicalstorms may be large, often 1,500 miles (2,400 kilometers) in diameter, and usually contain acold front that extends toward the equator for hundreds of miles.FFederal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The Federal Emergency Management Agency isthe Federal agency which administers the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP).Fetch. Distance over which wind acts on the water surface to generate waves.Flashing. Any piece of material, usually metal or plastic, installed to prevent water from penetratinga structure.Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM). The official map of a community on which FEMA has delineatedboth the special hazard areas, and the risk premium zones applicable to the community.Flood Insurance Study (FIS). An engineering study performed by FEMA to identify flood hazardareas, flood insurance risk zones, and other flood data in a community; used in the developmentof the FIRM.Floodplain. Any land area, including the watercourse, that is susceptible to partial or completeinundation by water, from any source.Floodplain management regulations. Zoning ordinances, subdivision regulations, building codes,or special-purpose ordinances that set flood-resistant standards for new construction, land use,and development.Flood profile. A graph of computed flood elevations at points located along a riverine waterway.A flood profile typically is available for a waterway that has Base Flood Elevations (BFEs) shownon the Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM). Flood profiles are usually found in the Flood InsuranceStudy (FIS) report.Glossary of termsB-3
Floodway. The channel and that portion of the floodplain that is to be reserved to convey thebase flood, without cumulatively increasing the water surface elevation more than a designatedheight.Floodway fringe. The area of the floodplain outside of the floodway, where floodwaters may beshallower and slower.Freeboard. A factor of safety, usually expressed in feet above a flood level, for purposes of floodplainmanagement. Freeboard also compensates for the many unknown factors that couldcontribute to flood heights greater than the height calculated for a selected size flood andfloodway conditions, such as wave action, constricting bridge openings, and the hydrologicaleffect of urbanization of the watershed. A freeboard of 1 to 3 feet is often applied to criticalfacilities.Frontal dune. Ridge or mound of unconsolidated sandy soil, extending continuously alongshorelandward of the sand beach and defined by relatively steep slopes abutting markedly flatter andlower regions on each side.GGlazing. Glass or a transparent or translucent plastic sheet used in windows, doors, andskylights.Glazing, impact-resistant. Glazing that has been shown, by an approved test method, to withstandthe impact of wind-borne missiles likely to be generated in wind-borne debris regionsduring design winds.HHurricane-prone regions. Areas vulnerable to hurricanes; in the United States and its territoriesdefined as:1. The U.S. Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico coasts, where the basic wind speed isgreater than 90 miles per hour.2. Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, U.S. Virgin Islands, and American Samoa.Human intervention. The presence and active involvement of people necessary to enact or implementfloodproofing measures prior to the onset of flooding.Hydrodynamic load. Loads imposed by water flowing against and around an object or structure,including the impacts of debris and waves.B-4 Glossary of terms
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Risk Management SeriesDesign Guidef
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Any opinions, findings, conclusions
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ational during and after a major di
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TARGET AUDIENCEThis manual describe
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Appendix A contains a list of acron
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Forster, FEMA; David Godschalk, Uni
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Chapter 2- Making Critical faciliti
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2.4.6 Utility Installations .......
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4.4.8 Utility Plumbing Systems.....
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avoid them when feasible. In cases
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It then crossed Florida into the Gu
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Figure 1-2: Mississippi coast SLOSH
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isks for the facility at the propos
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m Appoint a building program manage
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-Figure 1-3: Process flow chart for
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hazards, usually refers to a buildi
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occurrence during a specified time
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ut is moderate overall. Some hazard
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words, the acceptable performance o
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prior to the onset of this level of
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1.4 REFERENCESAmerican Society of C
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MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FRO
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m Land subsidence, which increases
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valley or the presence of obstructi
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2.1.1.1 Probability of Occurrence o
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year, a very low probability flood
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m FIRMs and Flood Insurance Studies
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Figure 2-3: Riverine flood hazard z
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have been prepared by the U.S. Army
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ABFEs represent the best estimate o
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The following characteristics that
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Figure 2-7 shows the general relati
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2.1.2.5 Hydrodynamic LoadsWater flo
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stillwater depth) and that waves pr
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Debris velocity: The velocity of th
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The most convincing evidence of the
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2.1.3.2 Summary of the NFIP Minimum
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complished through a State permit,
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Developed through a consensus proce
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2.2 CRITICAL FACILITIES EXPOSED TOF
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listed includes health hazards, los
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overview on performance-based desig
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Figure 2-12:Katrina’s storm surge
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Buoyancy and uplift: If below-grade
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acceptable, depending on the type o
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Metal components: Metal structural
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Emergency power generators: Generat
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Office records and police files: Wh
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2.3 REQUIREMENTS AND BESTPRACTICES
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terior drainage (on the land side);
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Slab-on-grade foundation on structu
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and debris and ice impact loads. Fl
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are capable of withstanding direct
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pressure, hydrodynamic loads, wave
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may significantly reduce the certai
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2.3.2.1 Elevation ConsiderationsThe
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Figure 2-30:Flood hazard zones inco
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path when designing and specifying
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ular attention to underfloor utilit
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2.3.5.4 Storage Tank InstallationsA
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2.4.2 SITE MODIFICATIONSA plan to m
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Mobilized floodwall: This category
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methods used to move other types of
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Even if a facility is unlikely to s
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Wastewater system components become
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Emergency barriers are measures of
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2.5 CHECKLIST FOR BUILDINGVULNERABI
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Table 2-3: Checklist for Building V
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FEMA, Protecting Building Utilities
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MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FRO
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flow is typically 6,000 to 12,000 f
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Tornado: This is a violently rotati
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Figure 3-3: Design wind speeds for
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Exposure: The characteristics of th
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Internal pressure (building pressur
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Figure 3-7:Schematic of internalpre
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Figure 3-8: Relative roof uplift pr
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larities will normally be based on
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spread in both of those storms. Pri
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and subsequent progressive failure;
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3.2 CRITICAL FACILITIES EXPOSED TOH
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Wall coverings, soffits, and large
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oof panels were applied over metal
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3.2.2 Evaluating Critical Facilitie
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Step 2: Perform a field investigati
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3.3.1.1 SiteWhen selecting land for
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schools are required to be designed
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As part of the detailed design effo
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steel. FEMA Technical Bulletin, Cor
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a window submittal should show that
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and limited uplift resistance of de
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Figure 3-23:View looking down at th
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m For buildings that have mechanica
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sionals should also specify the att
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Figure 3-31:Door sill pan flashing
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Adjustable jamb/head weatherstrippi
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E 2112 provides guidance on the des
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Soffits: Depending on the wind dire
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mph, those used for hurricane shelt
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Figure 3-47:These four ties werenev
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m Install ties as the brick is laid
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At the hospital shown in Figure 3-5
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etween the hospital and the medical
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metal panels were attached with con
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avoid blow-off. Stainless steel or
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If the roof system is fully adhered
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Figure 3-60:View of the underside o
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ities. For FMG-insured facilities,
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Figure 3-65:The original modifiedbi
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Figure 3-66:If mechanically attache
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Loads and Attachment Methods 9Infor
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Fan cowling attachment: Fans are fr
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Condenser attachment: In lieu of pl
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Boiler and exhaust stack attachment
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Figure 3-78:Collapsed hospital ligh
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Figure 3-80:The antenna tower atthi
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Table 3-3: Risk Reduction Design Me
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Table 3-3: Risk Reduction Design Me
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Chapter 4 for information on the pe
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Figure 3-83:Open walkways donot pro
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ASTM E 1996 specifies five missile
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ASCE 7 refers to ASTM E 1996 for mi
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For interior non-load-bearing mason
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m For structural metal roofs, it is
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Mechanically attached and air-press
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Figure 3-92:To avoid walkway padblo
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3.4.4.2 Mechanical PenthousesBy pla
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To enhance the wind performance of
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Mechanically attached single-ply me
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to power generation stations and by
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occupants can have bottled water pr
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Table 3-4: Recommendations for Desi
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Strong and violent tornadoes can ge
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For critical facilities located in
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Retrofitting a shelter space inside
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funds are not available for strengt
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Figure 3-106:The school’s built-u
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3.6.2 Building EnvelopeThe followin
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Shutters are typically a more econo
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semblies with laminated glass assem
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Figure 3-116:The edge nailer on top
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Figure 3-118:The antenna at thishos
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3.7 Checklist for BuildingVulnerabi
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3.8 References and Sources ofAdditi
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American Society for Testing and Ma
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FEMA, Attachment of Brick Veneer in
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accompanied with suggestions on pos
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Hurricane Katrina emphasized the fa
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The water supply was interrupted an
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Hancock Medical Center in Bay St. L
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Figure 4-4:Penthouse at the WestJef
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Figure 4-6:Repair of EIFS wallcover
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The primary cause of window breakag
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West Jefferson Medical Center lost
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4.2.8 Mechanical and ElectricalSyst
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covering the fill cap and all vent
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Page 331 and 332: 4.3 EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES4.3.1 Bac
Page 333 and 334: 4.3.2 Effects of FloodingThe most d
Page 335 and 336: Figure 4-17:Broken windows atD’Ib
Page 337 and 338: St. Stanislaus High School in Bay S
Page 339 and 340: 4.3.6 Structural SystemsMost of the
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Page 343 and 344: Figure 4-27:Metal roof covering pee
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Page 347 and 348: Figure 4-30:Interior damage at Char
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Page 353 and 354: 4.4.3 Effects of High WindsThe high
Page 355 and 356: Figure 4-33:Jackson County EOCFigur
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Page 359 and 360: Figure 4-37:Back Bay Fire Company#3
Page 361 and 362: Figure 4-39:Gulfport Fire Station #
Page 363 and 364: Third District Fire Station in New
Page 365 and 366: Figure 4-44:Roof damage at HancockC
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Page 369 and 370: Figure 4-47:Generator mounted atgra
Page 371 and 372: Figure 4-49:Broken communicationsma
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Page 377: Building, enclosed. A building that
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Page 383 and 384: FEMA Mitigation ProgramscFederal fu
Page 385 and 386: Table 1: Side-by-Side of FEMA Progr
Page 387 and 388: todial care facilities (including t
Page 389 and 390: aged windows with impact-resistant
Page 391: tions, and wastewater treatment pla
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