47.5 MB - The Whole Building Design Guide

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American Society for Testing and Materials, Test Method for FieldPull Testing of an In-Place Exterior Insulation and Finish SystemClad Wall Assembly, ASTM E 2359, 2006.American Society for Testing and Materials, Standard TestMethod for Structural Performance of Exterior Windows, Doors,Skylights, and Curtain Walls by Cyclic Air Pressure Differential,ASTM E1233, 2006.American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE), Ventilation forAcceptable Indoor Air Quality, Standard 62.1, 2004.American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE), Standard 62.1 User’sManual, 2006.Brick Industry Association, Anchored Brick Veneer-Wood FrameConstruction, Technical Notes 28, Revised August 2002.Brick Industry Association, Wall Ties for Brick Masonry,Technical Notes 44B, Revised May 2003.Brick Industry Association, Brick Veneer/Steel Stud Walls,Technical Notes 28B, December 2005.Door & Access Systems Manufacturers Association, ConnectingGarage Door Jambs to Building Framing, Technical Data Sheet#161, December 2003.FM Global, Loss Prevention Data for Roofing Contractors,Norwood, MA, dates vary.Factory Mutual Research, Approval Guide, Norwood, MA,updated quarterly.FEMA, Building Performance: Hurricane Andrew in Florida, FEMAFIA-22, Washington, DC, December 1992.FEMA, Building Performance: Hurricane Iniki in Hawaii, FEMAFIA-23, Washington, DC, January 1993.MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FROM High Wind3-155
FEMA, Corrosion Protection for Metal Connectors in Coastal Areas,FEMA Technical Bulletin 8-96, Washington, DC, August 1996.FEMA, Typhoon Paka: Observations and Recommendations onBuilding Performance and Electrical Power Distribution System,FEMA-1193-DR-GU, Washington, DC, March 1998.FEMA, Hurricane Georges in Puerto Rico, FEMA 339, Washington,DC, March 1999.FEMA, Oklahoma and Kansas Midwest Tornadoes of May 3, 1999,FEMA 342, Washington, DC, October 1999.FEMA, Coastal Construction Manual, Third Edition, FEMA 55,Washington, DC, 2000.FEMA, Design and Construction Guidance for Community Shelters,FEMA 361, Washington, DC, July 2000.FEMA, Installing Seismic Restraints for Mechanical Equipment,FEMA 412, Washington, DC, December 2002.FEMA, Tornado Protection, Selecting Safe Areas in Buildings,FEMA 431, Washington, DC, October 2003.FEMA, Installing Seismic Restraints for Electrical Equipment,FEMA 413, Washington, DC, January 2004.FEMA, Installing Seismic Restraints for Duct and Pipe, FEMA 414,Washington, DC, January 2004.FEMA, Taking Shelter From the Storm: Building a Safe Room InsideYour House, FEMA 320, Washington, DC, March 2004.FEMA, MAT Report: Hurricane Charley in Florida, FEMA 488,Washington, DC, April 2005.FEMA, MAT Report: Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Florida,FEMA 489, Washington, DC, August 2005.FEMA, Home Builder’s Guide to Coastal Construction Technical FactSheet Series, FEMA 499, August 2005.3-156 MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FROM High Wind
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Risk Management SeriesDesign Guidef
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Any opinions, findings, conclusions
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ational during and after a major di
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TARGET AUDIENCEThis manual describe
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Appendix A contains a list of acron
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Forster, FEMA; David Godschalk, Uni
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Chapter 2- Making Critical faciliti
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2.4.6 Utility Installations .......
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4.4.8 Utility Plumbing Systems.....
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avoid them when feasible. In cases
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It then crossed Florida into the Gu
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Figure 1-2: Mississippi coast SLOSH
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isks for the facility at the propos
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m Appoint a building program manage
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-Figure 1-3: Process flow chart for
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hazards, usually refers to a buildi
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occurrence during a specified time
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ut is moderate overall. Some hazard
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words, the acceptable performance o
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prior to the onset of this level of
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1.4 REFERENCESAmerican Society of C
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MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FRO
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m Land subsidence, which increases
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valley or the presence of obstructi
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2.1.1.1 Probability of Occurrence o
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year, a very low probability flood
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m FIRMs and Flood Insurance Studies
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Figure 2-3: Riverine flood hazard z
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have been prepared by the U.S. Army
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ABFEs represent the best estimate o
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The following characteristics that
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Figure 2-7 shows the general relati
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2.1.2.5 Hydrodynamic LoadsWater flo
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stillwater depth) and that waves pr
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Debris velocity: The velocity of th
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The most convincing evidence of the
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2.1.3.2 Summary of the NFIP Minimum
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complished through a State permit,
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Developed through a consensus proce
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2.2 CRITICAL FACILITIES EXPOSED TOF
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listed includes health hazards, los
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overview on performance-based desig
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Figure 2-12:Katrina’s storm surge
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Buoyancy and uplift: If below-grade
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acceptable, depending on the type o
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Metal components: Metal structural
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Emergency power generators: Generat
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Office records and police files: Wh
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2.3 REQUIREMENTS AND BESTPRACTICES
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terior drainage (on the land side);
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Slab-on-grade foundation on structu
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and debris and ice impact loads. Fl
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are capable of withstanding direct
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pressure, hydrodynamic loads, wave
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may significantly reduce the certai
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2.3.2.1 Elevation ConsiderationsThe
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Figure 2-30:Flood hazard zones inco
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path when designing and specifying
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ular attention to underfloor utilit
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2.3.5.4 Storage Tank InstallationsA
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2.4.2 SITE MODIFICATIONSA plan to m
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Mobilized floodwall: This category
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methods used to move other types of
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Even if a facility is unlikely to s
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Wastewater system components become
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Emergency barriers are measures of
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2.5 CHECKLIST FOR BUILDINGVULNERABI
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Table 2-3: Checklist for Building V
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FEMA, Protecting Building Utilities
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MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FRO
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flow is typically 6,000 to 12,000 f
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Tornado: This is a violently rotati
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Figure 3-3: Design wind speeds for
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Exposure: The characteristics of th
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Internal pressure (building pressur
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Figure 3-7:Schematic of internalpre
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Figure 3-8: Relative roof uplift pr
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larities will normally be based on
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spread in both of those storms. Pri
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and subsequent progressive failure;
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3.2 CRITICAL FACILITIES EXPOSED TOH
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Wall coverings, soffits, and large
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oof panels were applied over metal
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3.2.2 Evaluating Critical Facilitie
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Step 2: Perform a field investigati
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3.3.1.1 SiteWhen selecting land for
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schools are required to be designed
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As part of the detailed design effo
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steel. FEMA Technical Bulletin, Cor
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a window submittal should show that
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and limited uplift resistance of de
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Figure 3-23:View looking down at th
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m For buildings that have mechanica
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sionals should also specify the att
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Figure 3-31:Door sill pan flashing
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Adjustable jamb/head weatherstrippi
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E 2112 provides guidance on the des
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Soffits: Depending on the wind dire
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mph, those used for hurricane shelt
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Figure 3-47:These four ties werenev
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m Install ties as the brick is laid
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At the hospital shown in Figure 3-5
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etween the hospital and the medical
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metal panels were attached with con
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avoid blow-off. Stainless steel or
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If the roof system is fully adhered
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Figure 3-60:View of the underside o
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ities. For FMG-insured facilities,
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Figure 3-65:The original modifiedbi
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Figure 3-66:If mechanically attache
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Loads and Attachment Methods 9Infor
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Fan cowling attachment: Fans are fr
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Condenser attachment: In lieu of pl
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Boiler and exhaust stack attachment
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Figure 3-78:Collapsed hospital ligh
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Figure 3-80:The antenna tower atthi
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Table 3-3: Risk Reduction Design Me
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Table 3-3: Risk Reduction Design Me
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Chapter 4 for information on the pe
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Figure 3-83:Open walkways donot pro
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ASTM E 1996 specifies five missile
Page 252 and 253: ASCE 7 refers to ASTM E 1996 for mi
Page 254 and 255: For interior non-load-bearing mason
Page 256 and 257: m For structural metal roofs, it is
Page 258 and 259: Mechanically attached and air-press
Page 260 and 261: Figure 3-92:To avoid walkway padblo
Page 262 and 263: 3.4.4.2 Mechanical PenthousesBy pla
Page 264 and 265: To enhance the wind performance of
Page 266 and 267: Mechanically attached single-ply me
Page 268 and 269: to power generation stations and by
Page 270 and 271: occupants can have bottled water pr
Page 272 and 273: Table 3-4: Recommendations for Desi
Page 274 and 275: Strong and violent tornadoes can ge
Page 276 and 277: For critical facilities located in
Page 278 and 279: Retrofitting a shelter space inside
Page 280 and 281: funds are not available for strengt
Page 282 and 283: Figure 3-106:The school’s built-u
Page 284 and 285: 3.6.2 Building EnvelopeThe followin
Page 286 and 287: Shutters are typically a more econo
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Page 290 and 291: Figure 3-116:The edge nailer on top
Page 292 and 293: Figure 3-118:The antenna at thishos
Page 294 and 295: 3.7 Checklist for BuildingVulnerabi
Page 296 and 297: Table 3-8: Checklist for Building V
Page 298 and 299: Table 3-8: Checklist for Building V
Page 300 and 301: 3.8 References and Sources ofAdditi
Page 304: FEMA, Attachment of Brick Veneer in
Page 307 and 308: accompanied with suggestions on pos
Page 309 and 310: Hurricane Katrina emphasized the fa
Page 311 and 312: The water supply was interrupted an
Page 313 and 314: Hancock Medical Center in Bay St. L
Page 315 and 316: Figure 4-4:Penthouse at the WestJef
Page 317 and 318: Figure 4-6:Repair of EIFS wallcover
Page 319 and 320: The primary cause of window breakag
Page 321 and 322: West Jefferson Medical Center lost
Page 323 and 324: 4.2.8 Mechanical and ElectricalSyst
Page 325 and 326: covering the fill cap and all vent
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Page 329 and 330: mary and West Jefferson Medical Cen
Page 331 and 332: 4.3 EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES4.3.1 Bac
Page 333 and 334: 4.3.2 Effects of FloodingThe most d
Page 335 and 336: Figure 4-17:Broken windows atD’Ib
Page 337 and 338: St. Stanislaus High School in Bay S
Page 339 and 340: 4.3.6 Structural SystemsMost of the
Page 341 and 342: The St. Stanislaus High School camp
Page 343 and 344: Figure 4-27:Metal roof covering pee
Page 345 and 346: ment, especially HVAC systems, was
Page 347 and 348: Figure 4-30:Interior damage at Char
Page 349 and 350: m Doors should be designed to meet
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4.4.3 Effects of High WindsThe high
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Figure 4-33:Jackson County EOCFigur
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them experienced significant proble
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Figure 4-37:Back Bay Fire Company#3
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Figure 4-39:Gulfport Fire Station #
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Third District Fire Station in New
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Figure 4-44:Roof damage at HancockC
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underground tank for toilets and wa
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Figure 4-47:Generator mounted atgra
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Figure 4-49:Broken communicationsma
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erate without adequate emergency po
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FISFMAFMGFMRHMGPIBCICCICULPSMEPSMOB
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Building, enclosed. A building that
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Floodway. The channel and that port
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OOpenings. Apertures or holes in th
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FEMA Mitigation ProgramscFederal fu
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Table 1: Side-by-Side of FEMA Progr
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todial care facilities (including t
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aged windows with impact-resistant
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tions, and wastewater treatment pla
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