47.5 MB - The Whole Building Design Guide

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As part of the detailed design effort, load path continuityshould be clearly indicated in the contract documents via illustrationof connection details. Load paths need to accommodatedesign uplift, racking, and overturning loads. Load path continuityobviously applies to MWFRS elements, but it also appliesto building envelope elements. Figure 3-20 shows a load pathdiscontinuity between a piece of HVAC equipment and itsequipment stand. <strong>The</strong> equipment on this new Federal courthouseblew away because it was resting on vibration isolatorsthat provided lateral resistance, but no uplift resistance (also seeFigure 3-75).Figure 3-20:Temporary coveringsplaced over two largeopenings in the roof thatwere left after the ductworkblew away. HurricaneKatrina (Mississippi, 2005)Figure 3-21 illustrates the load path concept. Members are sizedto accommodate the design loads. Connections are designed totransfer uplift loads applied to the roof, and the positive and negativeloads applied to the exterior bearing walls, down to thefoundation and into the ground. <strong>The</strong> roof covering (and wallcovering, if there is one) is also part of the load path. To avoidblow-off, the nonstructural elements must also be adequately attachedto the structure.MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FROM High Wind3-37
Figure 3-21:Illustration of load pathcontinuityAs part of the detailed design process, special considerationshould be given to the durability of materials and waterinfiltration.Durability: Because some locales have very aggressive atmosphericcorrosion (such as areas near oceans), special attention needsto be given to the specification of adequate protection for ferrousmetals, or to specify alternative metals such as stainless3-38 MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FROM High Wind
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Risk Management SeriesDesign Guidef
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Any opinions, findings, conclusions
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ational during and after a major di
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TARGET AUDIENCEThis manual describe
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Appendix A contains a list of acron
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Forster, FEMA; David Godschalk, Uni
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Chapter 2- Making Critical faciliti
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2.4.6 Utility Installations .......
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4.4.8 Utility Plumbing Systems.....
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avoid them when feasible. In cases
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It then crossed Florida into the Gu
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Figure 1-2: Mississippi coast SLOSH
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isks for the facility at the propos
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m Appoint a building program manage
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-Figure 1-3: Process flow chart for
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hazards, usually refers to a buildi
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occurrence during a specified time
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ut is moderate overall. Some hazard
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words, the acceptable performance o
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prior to the onset of this level of
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1.4 REFERENCESAmerican Society of C
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MAKING CRITICAL FACILITIES SAFE FRO
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m Land subsidence, which increases
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valley or the presence of obstructi
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2.1.1.1 Probability of Occurrence o
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year, a very low probability flood
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m FIRMs and Flood Insurance Studies
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Figure 2-3: Riverine flood hazard z
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have been prepared by the U.S. Army
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ABFEs represent the best estimate o
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The following characteristics that
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Figure 2-7 shows the general relati
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2.1.2.5 Hydrodynamic LoadsWater flo
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stillwater depth) and that waves pr
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Debris velocity: The velocity of th
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The most convincing evidence of the
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2.1.3.2 Summary of the NFIP Minimum
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complished through a State permit,
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Developed through a consensus proce
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2.2 CRITICAL FACILITIES EXPOSED TOF
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listed includes health hazards, los
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overview on performance-based desig
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Figure 2-12:Katrina’s storm surge
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Buoyancy and uplift: If below-grade
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acceptable, depending on the type o
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Metal components: Metal structural
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Emergency power generators: Generat
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Office records and police files: Wh
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2.3 REQUIREMENTS AND BESTPRACTICES
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terior drainage (on the land side);
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Slab-on-grade foundation on structu
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and debris and ice impact loads. Fl
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are capable of withstanding direct
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pressure, hydrodynamic loads, wave
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may significantly reduce the certai
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2.3.2.1 Elevation ConsiderationsThe
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Figure 2-30:Flood hazard zones inco
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path when designing and specifying
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ular attention to underfloor utilit
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2.3.5.4 Storage Tank InstallationsA
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2.4.2 SITE MODIFICATIONSA plan to m
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Mobilized floodwall: This category
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methods used to move other types of
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Even if a facility is unlikely to s
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Wastewater system components become
Page 134 and 135: Emergency barriers are measures of
Page 136 and 137: 2.5 CHECKLIST FOR BUILDINGVULNERABI
Page 138 and 139: Table 2-3: Checklist for Building V
Page 146 and 147: FEMA, Protecting Building Utilities
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Page 150 and 151: flow is typically 6,000 to 12,000 f
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Page 154 and 155: Figure 3-3: Design wind speeds for
Page 156 and 157: Exposure: The characteristics of th
Page 158 and 159: Internal pressure (building pressur
Page 160 and 161: Figure 3-7:Schematic of internalpre
Page 162 and 163: Figure 3-8: Relative roof uplift pr
Page 164 and 165: larities will normally be based on
Page 166 and 167: spread in both of those storms. Pri
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Page 170 and 171: 3.2 CRITICAL FACILITIES EXPOSED TOH
Page 172 and 173: Wall coverings, soffits, and large
Page 174 and 175: oof panels were applied over metal
Page 176 and 177: 3.2.2 Evaluating Critical Facilitie
Page 178 and 179: Step 2: Perform a field investigati
Page 180 and 181: 3.3.1.1 SiteWhen selecting land for
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Page 186 and 187: steel. FEMA Technical Bulletin, Cor
Page 188 and 189: a window submittal should show that
Page 190 and 191: and limited uplift resistance of de
Page 192 and 193: Figure 3-23:View looking down at th
Page 194 and 195: m For buildings that have mechanica
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Page 198 and 199: Figure 3-31:Door sill pan flashing
Page 200 and 201: Adjustable jamb/head weatherstrippi
Page 202 and 203: E 2112 provides guidance on the des
Page 204 and 205: Soffits: Depending on the wind dire
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Page 208 and 209: Figure 3-47:These four ties werenev
Page 210 and 211: m Install ties as the brick is laid
Page 212 and 213: At the hospital shown in Figure 3-5
Page 214 and 215: etween the hospital and the medical
Page 216 and 217: metal panels were attached with con
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Page 220 and 221: If the roof system is fully adhered
Page 222 and 223: Figure 3-60:View of the underside o
Page 224 and 225: ities. For FMG-insured facilities,
Page 226 and 227: Figure 3-65:The original modifiedbi
Page 228 and 229: Figure 3-66:If mechanically attache
Page 230 and 231: Loads and Attachment Methods 9Infor
Page 232 and 233: Fan cowling attachment: Fans are fr
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Condenser attachment: In lieu of pl
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Boiler and exhaust stack attachment
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Figure 3-78:Collapsed hospital ligh
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Figure 3-80:The antenna tower atthi
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Table 3-3: Risk Reduction Design Me
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Table 3-3: Risk Reduction Design Me
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Chapter 4 for information on the pe
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Figure 3-83:Open walkways donot pro
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ASTM E 1996 specifies five missile
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ASCE 7 refers to ASTM E 1996 for mi
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For interior non-load-bearing mason
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m For structural metal roofs, it is
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Mechanically attached and air-press
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Figure 3-92:To avoid walkway padblo
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3.4.4.2 Mechanical PenthousesBy pla
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To enhance the wind performance of
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Mechanically attached single-ply me
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to power generation stations and by
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occupants can have bottled water pr
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Table 3-4: Recommendations for Desi
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Strong and violent tornadoes can ge
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For critical facilities located in
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Retrofitting a shelter space inside
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funds are not available for strengt
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Figure 3-106:The school’s built-u
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3.6.2 Building EnvelopeThe followin
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Shutters are typically a more econo
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semblies with laminated glass assem
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Figure 3-116:The edge nailer on top
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Figure 3-118:The antenna at thishos
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3.7 Checklist for BuildingVulnerabi
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Table 3-8: Checklist for Building V
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Table 3-8: Checklist for Building V
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3.8 References and Sources ofAdditi
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American Society for Testing and Ma
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FEMA, Attachment of Brick Veneer in
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accompanied with suggestions on pos
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Hurricane Katrina emphasized the fa
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The water supply was interrupted an
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Hancock Medical Center in Bay St. L
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Figure 4-4:Penthouse at the WestJef
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Figure 4-6:Repair of EIFS wallcover
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The primary cause of window breakag
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West Jefferson Medical Center lost
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4.2.8 Mechanical and ElectricalSyst
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covering the fill cap and all vent
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emergency communications frequently
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mary and West Jefferson Medical Cen
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4.3 EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES4.3.1 Bac
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4.3.2 Effects of FloodingThe most d
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Figure 4-17:Broken windows atD’Ib
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St. Stanislaus High School in Bay S
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4.3.6 Structural SystemsMost of the
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The St. Stanislaus High School camp
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Figure 4-27:Metal roof covering pee
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ment, especially HVAC systems, was
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Figure 4-30:Interior damage at Char
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m Doors should be designed to meet
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different, most of them require and
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4.4.3 Effects of High WindsThe high
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Figure 4-33:Jackson County EOCFigur
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them experienced significant proble
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Figure 4-37:Back Bay Fire Company#3
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Figure 4-39:Gulfport Fire Station #
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Third District Fire Station in New
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Figure 4-44:Roof damage at HancockC
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underground tank for toilets and wa
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Figure 4-47:Generator mounted atgra
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Figure 4-49:Broken communicationsma
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erate without adequate emergency po
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FISFMAFMGFMRHMGPIBCICCICULPSMEPSMOB
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Building, enclosed. A building that
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Floodway. The channel and that port
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OOpenings. Apertures or holes in th
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FEMA Mitigation ProgramscFederal fu
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Table 1: Side-by-Side of FEMA Progr
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todial care facilities (including t
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aged windows with impact-resistant
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tions, and wastewater treatment pla
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