The Road to Afghanistan - George Washington University

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from 1977-1983.Biryukov, L. I. — KGB colonel, served as a KGB agent in Kabul from 1978-1983.Bogdanov, L. P. — KGB major general, directed a KGB Representative Office in Kabul from1978-1980.Chuchukin, V. A. — Major general, was the first deputy of the KGB representative in Kabulfrom 1979-1983.Gavrilin, V. T. — KGB colonel, served as a KGB resident in Kabul in the 1970s.Golovatov, M. V. — In 1979, was a member of the antiterrorist group “A,” later headed the“A” subdivision of the Seventh Directorate of the KGB.Golubev, A. T. — KGB lieutenant general, in 1979 participated in the “Storm-333” campaign.Gorelov, L. N. — Lieutenant general, was the chief military adviser in Afghanistan from1975-1979.Gulabzoi, S. M. — An active participant of the April Revolution, later was a minister inTaraki’s, Karmal’s, and Najibullah’s governments, served as the ambassador of theDemocratic Republic of Afghanistan in the USSR from 1987-1990.Habibi, V. — Director of Kabul Central Hospital at the end of the 1980s.Jawzjany, Sh. — A prominent member of the People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan,served as a prosecutor-general in Afghanistan from 1978-1979, was a member of thePolitburo of the Central Committee of the PDPA, in 1989 was the first deputy of theRevolutionary Tribunal chairman.Ibragimov, A. T. — Operative of the KGB Residency in Kabul from 1979 to 1982.Kalugin, O. D. — KGB major generalKarmal, Babrak — One of the founders of the People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan,was the general secretary of the People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan from 1979-1986,was the chairman of the Revolutionary Council.Karmal, Kava — B. Karmal’s son.Keshtmand, S. A. — Member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the PDPA, in1978 was a minister of planning in the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, in 1981became the head of the government of the DRA.Kharazov, V. I. — In 1978, was the first party adviser in the Central Committee of the738
Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.Kozin, V. P. — Served at the Soviet embassy in Kabul from 1975-1978, later was apostgraduate student at the Diplomatic Academy, translated from Pashto during Taraki’svisits to Moscow.Kryuchkov, V. A. — In 1979, was the head of the First Directorate, later was the chairman ofthe KGB.Kuznetsov, A. M. — Served as a military interpreter for a group of advisers in Kabul from1978-1979.Kutepov, Yu. I. — An officer at the KGB Ninth Directorate, was responsible for the securityof the first figures in Kabul from 1978-1979.Leonov, N. S. — KGB lieutenant general, in 1979 was the head of the Information AnalysisDepartment of the KGB First Directorate.Lozovoi, A. V. — Grandson of B. S. Ivanov, KGB lieutenant general.Massoud, A. S. — Mujahadeen leader from 1977-1992, later was defense minister ofAfghanistan.Misak, A. K. — A prominent member of the People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan, wasthe finance minister in the DRA from 1978-1979, was the mayor of Kabul from 1989-1990.Mishin, Yu. G. — Secretary at the Soviet embassy in Kabul, later served as a staff member atthe Foreign Department of the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party.Osadchiy, S. V. — Extraordinary and plenipotentiary ambassador of the USSR, son of V. G.Osadchiy, who was a KGB resident in Kabul.Polyakov, G. A. — Served as a staff member at the Foreign Department of the CentralCommittee of the Soviet Communist Party from 1977-1991.Ponomaryov, B. N. — Politburo of CPSU candidate, head of the Foreign Department of theCentral Committee of the Soviet Communist Party.Puzanov, A. M. — The Soviet ambassador in Afghanistan from 1972-1979.Qadir, A. — In 1978, one of the main initiators and leaders of the April Revolution, later wasthe defense minister of the Democratic Republic of the Afghanistan.Rurikov, D. B. — Served as a second secretary at the Soviet embassy in Kabul from 1978-1979, later was an assistant to the president of the Russian Federation, Yeltsin, and anextraordinary and plenipotentiary ambassador of the Russian Federation.739
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Chapter 1:VIRUS: How the invasion o
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arranged meeting point for the emer
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that Orlov-Morozov wrote to the Cen
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political situation developing in t
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as accomplices, received long-term
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World War II, Prince Daoud Khan, th
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“Can you imagine, Comrade General
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no idea that some destructive polit
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General Gorelov was particularly co
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ascent. One plane, flying low above
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would retrieve vodka along with gla
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laid down on the couch. He felt pre
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possible contingency. Any unforesee
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In July 1973, Major Qadir and his g
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the Parcham faction, also became mi
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the military transport division of
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on the morning of April 27, the off
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there were passwords. I think Amin
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commander suddenly stopped and turn
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in the lead tank, which was compris
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KGB colleagues, exiting the embassy
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married?”“I wonder whose side t
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detachments. The analyst of the Res
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front of the airport and drove back
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complained to him, “Your trade re
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“What’s wrong? Should I call a
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awaiting further instructions. My a
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well-prepared speech that touched u
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Youth”) in the 1940s. Babrak also
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eally need to act a year ago, becau
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After Daoud’s visit to Moscow, th
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that could be leveled against me or
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looming in the fields, to be handed
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“And what about Daoud?”“I don
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sent the commander of the President
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another Central Committee member, t
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forces in the country, which had be
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explosions in the night sky. Only a
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When the bodies were removed from t
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Chapter 2:“We Knocked Out Their T
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deputy resident gave Valery an indi
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trusted the deputy resident, who wa
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Alexander Victorovich puffed his pi
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As evening came, the city was shrou
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honor, religion, and property, we d
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evolution and kill the president if
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theory, thinks as if the Pashtun
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analyst’s intentions.***The morni
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Vladimir Alexandrovich was accustom
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intelligence officers, yet they wer
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“He thinks that he will recover s
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Three years ago, General Leonov was
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Politburo would be unpredictable. S
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Tomorrow? What time? I think it’s
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During the meeting, the issues of A
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institutions. Afghan special servic
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to prepare him to work in Afghanist
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favor, and inquired as to the natur
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“We will take care of all funding
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services, and to discuss the budget
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was short, without a moustache desp
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children, and myself—and for the
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“Yes guys, this list is extraordi
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This time, General Zaplatin headed
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through Reuters? Do we not have our
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much to discuss.Ulyanovsky started
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enewed force.“According to our fo
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***One evening Starostin was called
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Parcham officers were passive on th
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operative boss,” mused the deputy
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glad that the Soviet comrades had a
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wasn’t involved in any affairs of
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the April Revolution.”The ministe
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do.”“I have no doubt that we wi
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invited to meet with Minister of Fo
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thirty of them. Two of them were im
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decision. The Afghans listened to h
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coordinate recommendations with eac
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April Revolution.Then Karmal took t
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low would be delivered that would u
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“Because they are Parchamis.”
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Having decided to marry his current
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ambassador. He, on the one hand, ca
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the state and party, which would me
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Bobrak?”This was the extent of th
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Indeed, there would be many more So
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Kharazov was tasked by the Central
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courtyard.”“Yes, of course.”
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again.”With a clear sense of reli
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counterintelligence managed to neut
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treatment. He thought that he would
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intervention. He had a very vague i
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interpretation of events. However,
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Amin interrupted him coldly: “I w
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his tormentors to kill him.“Every
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should ask your colleagues to be mo
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years earlier, he was offered a pos
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“Vladimir Alexandrovich,” begge
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he intended to play his own game. I
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was so enamored by the ideology of
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in Russian, “Do chego zhe mir tes
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Starostin often would run into Frye
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were to stay for another year or tw
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“I think that, from the U.S. pers
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leaders were convinced that the Sov
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Thinking about Americans, Valery re
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cannot, with full certainty, qualif
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As Surnin predicted, a CIA operativ
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wish was for them to make the Afgha
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Listening to Boris Nikolayevich, Bo
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until Bogdanov took the floor. He d
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doubts as to the old Communist warr
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simply didn’t have the means to o
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one hand, there was truth to this s
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auspices of the “National Pashtun
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this version of events becomes the
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Kryuchkov remained silent, digestin
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‘true communist’ and his friend
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Babrak Karmal looked extremely conc
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“Think, who could receive this Ba
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Preparations for the first state vi
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The papers also published Comrade T
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young people at the square, told th
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influential Islamist organizations.
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him as though considering their con
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Politburo superseded all protocol.
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with obvious Soviet participation w
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“I am working, Leonid Ilyich!”
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Once, the professor and the future
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As soon as they entered Dvoryankov
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Khan, Valery treated Dvoryankov to
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Sometimes, one should act extremely
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ecame a colony of Britain. Afghan t
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“Valery, do you think that we wou
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in the committee by a bureaucrat fr
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300 Afghani, according to an exchan
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The decree authorized the re-exprop
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Having said goodbye to him, Valery
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Nikolai Alexandrovich Dvoryankov di
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American intelligence services, eve
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***Sergei Bakhturin, an assistant t
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wife were staying in the room. Vese
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On February 13, a reception in hono
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to invite the archaeologist to spea
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a little over two hours to fulfill
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keep hostages in captivity. In othe
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was discovered that the gas in the
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“But how would the safety of Mr.
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“But then you should realize that
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are not as alert. People are more a
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newspaper. He settled on the name G
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“‘The security operatives, havi
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get inside his car? How can his cal
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“Wipe your tears,” he said in a
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differs from the way they think as
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“He told me to pick up my cleats
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describing what had transpired in H
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“I wonder who this person is? I h
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Starostin was not surprised by what
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Badruddin Bahes was close to Muslim
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nationalist and anti-Soviet. Howeve
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while he ruminated, then stared abs
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A: We failed to capture the terrori
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Question from a correspondent of Th
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flag on it. The U.S. ambassador was
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7. Who were the terrorists? It seem
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perceived at the Center? It would s
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Chapter 5:Rebellion in Herat - Firs
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struggle had become a historical le
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Revolution.“I understand that you
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evolutionary, anti-party, and again
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architectural monuments, and other
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een assumed that the Soviets in Afg
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“All of our leaders are waiting f
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spoke with Amin,” Gromyko added.
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decide to send them to Afghanistan?
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mistakes that they have made. Even
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It was a brilliant ploy. Everybody
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necessary to justify possible milit
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Unexpectedly, Andropov moved to sup
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this government. But can our troops
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military divisions had been deploye
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e illiterate his whole life, and to
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economic reforms as the solutions.
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conversation. “I would like to in
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look of satisfaction. He motioned,
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in connection with the additional m
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ased on the Bolshevik experience. F
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would flee to Pakistan after the de
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General Staff for his ruthless exec
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crucial decisions in complex situat
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and respectful when he met with the
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eason Ivanov did not fall prey to s
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Morozov, Khotyaev, and Starostin to
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Marxist-Leninist theory at the time
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violating their sacred duty.”Osad
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community, and the sinfulness of se
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“Unfortunately, this is not alway
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attempting to build socialism in su
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“In an attempt to halt anti-gover
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5. Confidential contacts with S. A.
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factions. The document mentioned th
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with their requests for direct invo
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armed opposition.Further into his m
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esidencies. Halbaiev, the commander
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discussed, Comrade Amin appeared to
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authority. They figured that the mo
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the stage of advanced capitalism on
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Safronchuk.Amin pretended to be ast
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danger to him. However, it is possi
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example, what was the purpose of Am
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“This is what happened,” began
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Ivanov hesitated. There was a silen
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special typewriter. He also had to
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influence. This topic was last disc
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paratroopers, disguised in aviation
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consequences of the confrontation b
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the organizational talents of Hafiz
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Persian Gulf.Détente was coming to
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duration of the war in Afghanistan.
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eported and objectively interpreted
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countries, including Iran, Pakistan
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officers took a seven-month-long co
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Glotov and Alexander Dolmatov were
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You will be assisting me in special
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was surprised to find out that not
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The taxi driver sensed that his pas
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and PGU with great attention.“It
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“Valery, you should meet with Gul
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***Major General Zaplatin was very
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Zaplatin sternly glanced at the int
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The Afghan understood that the Sovi
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them.“Finally, here is the most i
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neighboring Pakistan to become a re
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Afghanistan. Comrade Taraki is faci
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deal with Amin work? Where do the o
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“It looks like the situation with
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analysts in the International Depar
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1. Find a way to remove H. Amin fro
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water has such healing properties t
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the other leaders of the faction wh
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was burning our hearts. We simply c
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carry out a coup d’etat by overth
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indignation of Czech citizens watch
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global revolutionary movement. That
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workers, avant-garde peasants, and
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Council in leading the party and st
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that is happening behind my back.
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Petrov responded sternly, briefly s
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clear to him that he had to return
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statement without the support of th
Page 514 and 515:
There were also several plain-cloth
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People’s Palace, where a joint me
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position within the leadership of t
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greeting, he informed me that Amin
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Alexander Mikhailovich Puzanov, Sov
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I suggested that we kick them out i
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your man or Amin’s man?”“He w
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his friends had already been arrest
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By some strange coincidence, all of
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party, demanding that he remove the
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Afghan school teacher, Valery decid
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path. We must do everything possibl
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Taraki called Amin and spoke in Pas
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esolution. He was now in control of
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in an open power struggle. Or perha
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the Afghans? Maybe we should just h
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had helped create. It was clear tha
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activists.After he drafted the cabl
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“No, thank you. I’d rather she
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ecognized leader of the democratic
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the couch to flip through the Sovie
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custody of the Armed Forces of Afgh
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“I don’t think that will ever h
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you over to Amin,” Starostin repl
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Taraki, his family, or his allies.
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second truck would monitor the inte
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currency. Boris Semyonovich ordered
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session so that we might hear his e
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disappearance of Sarwari and the fo
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eplacing him, why did you shelter a
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interlocutor, ignoring Kurilov’s
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issued cargo boxes.These preparatio
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compact, they faced less difficulty
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and the convoy continued its drive
Page 582 and 583:
suggested that he thoroughly clean
Page 584 and 585:
opposition figures was an obvious e
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“So Taraki’s time is over?” a
Page 588 and 589:
said Zaplatin emphatically. Ustinov
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“This is good. Please tell me, wh
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military intervention.” But it al
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expressed.“It is now clear that w
Page 596 and 597:
We were left untouched for the next
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Chapter 8:Death Sentence“The city
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living. They knew that the armed fo
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were expelled from local authoritie
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soon considered to be equivalent to
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In the middle of October, military
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The next morning, Bogdanov’s peop
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“We ought to serve,” the ambass
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the translation, was shocked. It wa
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“May I speak to you not according
Page 616 and 617:
In concluding his speech, Amin said
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contribution to this transformation
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It was clear that the Center had to
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circumstances. All conversations of
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attaché reported, “Amin managed
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doctors, he continued to smoke his
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services, which we are currently in
Page 630 and 631:
“We’ve heard this before, Andre
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and hydrogen bombs. He was the mini
Page 634 and 635:
The results of the discussion were
Page 636 and 637:
If facts indicating a change in Ami
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minister understood the difficultie
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“We can bring in some of our troo
Page 642 and 643:
Having returned to Kabul, Gorelov s
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The helicopter brought Zaplatin to
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intervention in Afghanistan. Ustino
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Soviet Union. The first secretary o
Page 650 and 651:
Collectively, all of those factors
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state. They would be informed as to
Page 654 and 655:
additional specific instructions ha
Page 656 and 657:
a hill, and was comparatively vulne
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performed culinary miracles, partic
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consulted about ways to install pow
Page 662 and 663:
you are constantly engaged in intri
Page 664 and 665:
possible only under the condition o
Page 666 and 667:
To make a long story short, by the
Page 668 and 669:
doubt flickered across his face. So
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Karmal’s faith in popular support
Page 672 and 673:
Babrak Karmal was an educated and i
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thanks to the pilot’s skill and p
Page 676 and 677:
head of state. He wanted to be rece
Page 678 and 679:
The final decision that day was not
Page 680 and 681:
“Well, Volodya, it is time to act
Page 682 and 683:
Aligned Movement, of which Afghanis
Page 684 and 685:
Kryuchkov had to issue the signal t
Page 686 and 687:
“At this point, you should stop s
Page 688 and 689: The “cook” Mikhail T. poisoned
Page 690 and 691: The poison worked, but strangely, o
Page 692 and 693: “Everybody is here,” Kurilov as
Page 694 and 695: “Is it possible to see a floor pl
Page 696 and 697: Fear of potential failure played a
Page 698 and 699: training the special forces units a
Page 700 and 701: “It would be good for you to send
Page 702 and 703: Amin was happy to hear that. He see
Page 704 and 705: Akhromeev, the deputy head of the G
Page 706 and 707: spectacularly into the mountains su
Page 708 and 709: pancakes, veal, and traditional bak
Page 710 and 711: A week later, Osadchiy summoned Sta
Page 712 and 713: “What do you think of me, Vilior
Page 714 and 715: “The leadership of the Central Co
Page 716 and 717: the remaining food and drink to be
Page 718 and 719: In total, twenty-five Afghans, incl
Page 720 and 721: more decisive action in Afghanistan
Page 722 and 723: But even the “special people,”
Page 724 and 725: about their sources of information
Page 726 and 727: care of. What happened to the famil
Page 728 and 729: Naturally, Soviet military interven
Page 730 and 731: However, not only did Taraki not cr
Page 732 and 733: BibliographyBooksAblazov, V. I. Afg
Page 734 and 735: Internal Affairs Advisers about the
Page 736 and 737: [Afghanistan: Opposition and the Au
Page 740: Shah Wali — A prominent member of
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