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industrial tools, and increased interest in correlating the threat space with the VV&C techniques to be used. Specifically, the Task Group recommends to NATO that it give serious consideration to the use of goalbased approaches to the certification of systems; that when performing VV&C of ‘critical components’ the VV&C be performed and/or assessed by an independent third party; consider whether such parties should be accredited; that objective guidance be provided for required V&V artifacts; that maximum freedom of IT processes and techniques be provided within the scope of the VV&C framework; and that the certification effort reflect the criticality of the system. For highly critical systems, it is recommended that NATO insert formal modeling and reasoning into their development processes, insert advanced static analysis techniques, and apply extensive testing. Author Embedding; Certification; Correlation; Predictions; Software Engineering 20060000050 Research and Technology Organization, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France Verification and Validation: Current and Best Practice Juristo, Natalia; Validation, Verification and Certification of Embedded Systems; October 2005, pp. 1-14; In English; See also 20060000049; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document There are numerous definitions of verification and validation. We present two well-known definitions: An IEEE standard definition and one given by Barry Boehm, an old but very important definition within the software engineering community. According to IEEE, Verification can mean the: 1) Act of reviewing, inspecting, testing, checking, auditing, or otherwise establishing and documenting; whether items, processes, services or documents conform to specified requirements; 2) Process of determining whether the products of a given phase of the software development life cycle fulfill the requirements established during the previous phase; and; 3) Formal proof of program correctness. Validation is defined as the evaluation of software at the end of the software development process to ensure compliance with the user requirements. Validation is, therefore, ‘end-to-end’ verification. According to Boehm: a) Verification. Am I building the system right? b) Validation. Am I building the right system? In the definition for validation, note that it aims to compare a system with its requirements. Therefore, it has to do not only with quality attributes, such as functionality and reliability, but also includes non-functional requirements. Derived from text Computer Programming; Software Engineering; User Requirements; Computer Programs; Functional Design Specifications; Proving 20060000055 Adelard, LLP, London, UK Certification Bloomfield, Robin; Voas, Jeffrey; Validation, Verification and Certification of Embedded Systems; October 2005, pp. 6-1 - 6.5; In English; See also 20060000049; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document Software certification is simply the process of generating a certificate that supports the claim that the software was either: (1) developed in a certain manner, (2) will exhibit some set of desirable run-time characteristics, or (3) has some other static characteristic embedded into it. For example, the certificate could simply state that a particular type of testing was applied and to what degree or thoroughness; or the certificate could state that the software can be composed successfully with any other software component with a certain set of predefined characteristics. Certification may be an attempt to transfer the risk to the certifier, but in many safety situations the user of the system still remains responsible for the safety. Two key questions are ‘who does the certification?’ and ‘what is being certified?’ Turning first to the question of who performs the certification. The process of creating a certificate is typically performed by one of three parties: by the vendor of the software, by a client of the software, or by an independent third party that is performing the service independent of the vendor or users. Numerous examples of third party certification occur in industries such as electronics (e.g., Underwriters Laboratory), aviation (through designated engineering representatives), and consumer products (e.g., Consumer Reports). In industrial applications, the TUVs (see Page E-1) dominate the market for the assessment of programmable controllers used in the process industry and are active in railways and nuclear assessments. There are also wide ranges of certification activities that support interoperability. For example, The Open Group certifies that Linux implementations are indeed Linux and that X-windows conform to their standards. Other examples are protocol testing by telecom laboratories and compiler testing to demonstrate conformance with a language definition. The rather misnamed ‘Ada validation suite’ tests for functional aspects of the compiler not all the required attributes such as reliability. It is important to be clear by what is meant by the different kinds of certificates. To begin, these certificates are typically done as a follow-up check to insure that certain processes were followed during development; 128
these ‘process certificates’ are the first type of certification that will be discussed here. The second type of software certification often mentioned refers to the licensing of software engineering professionals; this is still referred to as software certification but should more appropriately be referred to as ‘professional licensing.’ The third and most important, but most difficult, claim that a certificate can make is to discuss how the software will behave in use. This is referred to as ‘product certification’ and that will be our focus here. Derived from text Certification; Software Engineering; Computer Programming; Controllers; Embedding; Interoperability; Protocol (Computers); Systems Engineering 20060001599 California Univ., USA Linear Feature Extraction Based on an AR Model Edge Detector Yi-Tong, Zhou; Chellappa, Rama; IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP ‘87); Volume 1; 1987, pp. 555-558; In English; See also 20060001583 Contract(s)/Grant(s): F-49622-85-C-0071; Copyright; Avail.: Other Sources Extraction of linear features is an important task in many image understanding and computer vision systems. In this paper, we describe a linear feature extractor which operates on the edge pixels detected by a space varying2-Dautoregressive (AR) model. The sequence of steps for extraction of linear segments consists of tracing the edge points, linking and fitting with lines. The heuristics used in tracing and linking steps are specific to the characteristics of the AR model based edge detector. The performance of the linear feature extractor is illustrated using real images. Author Two Dimensional Models; Extraction; Heuristic Methods; Linear Programming 20060001642 Bell Telephone Labs., Inc., Murray Hill, NJ, USA The Graph Search Machine (GSM): A Programmable Processor for Connected Word Speech Recognition and Other Applications Glinski, Stephen; Lalumia, T. Mariano; Cassiday, Dan; Koh, Taiho; Gerveshi, Christine; Wilson, Gene; Kumar, Jit; IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP ‘87); Volume 1; 1987, pp. 13.12.1 - 13.12.4; In English; See also 20060001583; Copyright; Avail.: Other Sources A programmable VLSI processor is described for efficiently computing a variety of kernel operations for speech recognition. These operations include dynamic programming for isolated and connected word recognition using both the template matching approach and the Hidden Markov Model (HMM) approach, dynamic programming for natural language models, and metric computations for vector quantization and distance measurement. As well as being able to efficiently compute a wide class of speech processing operations, the architecture is useful in other areas such as image processing. Working chips have been produced using 1.5 micron CMOS design rules that combine beth custom and standard cell approaches. Author Dynamic Programming; Image Processing; Natural Language (Computers); Programming Languages 20060001644 Edinburgh Univ., UK Serial/Parallel Architectures for Area-Efficient Vector Multiplication Smith, S. G.; Denyer, P. B.; IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP ‘87); Volume 1; 1987, pp. 13.17.1 - 13.17.4; In English; See also 20060001583; Copyright; Avail.: Other Sources The use of standard-part multiply/accumulators in digital signal processing is often in the computation of vector products. In the realm of custom VLSI, direct computation of vector products can result in area savings over classical multiply/ accumulate methods. A methodology is presented for composition of VLSI architectures for direct vector multiplication, based on three fundamental computational elements. These are register, data selecter, and carry-save add-shift (CSAS) computer. The CSAS computer is a linear array of gated carry-save adders which performs shifting accumulation of partial results. Two’s complement serial/parallel carry-save accumulation provides performance, while the use of symmetric-coded distributed arithmetic eliminates redundant computation to effect area-savings. Author Series (Mathematics); Parallel Processing (Computers); Architecture (Computers); Vector Processing (Computers) 129
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Life Sciences 51 Life Sciences (Gen
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20060001772 Northrop Grumman Corp.,
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We define a piecewise AR model for
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Fault Diagnosis of Piecewise-Linear
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20060002115 Iowa Univ., Iowa City,
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applications requiring wide dynamic
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20060002148 American Telephone and
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The aim of this three year project
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extraction, and object recognition.
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20060001806 North Carolina State Un
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ate of the Booster, and provide a l
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The magnetic harmonic errors of the
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20060002069 Fermi National Accelera
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micrographs as triangular and trape
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20060002468 Lawrence Livermore Nati
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20060002492 Lawrence Livermore Nati
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parameters and propose some importa
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ATAL introduced a technique for dec
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20060001730 Naval Underwater System
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20060001768 Naval Postgraduate Scho
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20060001826 Massachusetts Univ., Am
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Misadjustment Expressions for Infin
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A-4 Complexity Reduced Lattice Filt
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ASYMMETRY Anthrax Biosensor, Protec
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Regulation of hTERT Expression and
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CLIMATE C-Haendelser i Vinterklimat
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Neutronics Assessments for a RIA Fr
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CRYSTAL SURFACES High-Throughput Ap
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DIELECTRICS Theoretical and Experim
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Analysis of Depletion-Region Collec
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Scenario Customization for Informat
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GALLIUM ARSENIDES InGaAs/GaAs QD Su
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INFRARED SPECTRA Chemical Vapor Ide
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Adaptive Transversal Filters with D
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MATCHED FILTERS Simplified Class 1
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MILITARY TECHNOLOGY The USA Air For
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NONLINEAR FILTERS A Novel Approach
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Object Classification and Registrat
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Predicting Ductile Crack Growth in
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Texture Segmentation Using a Class
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SITUATIONAL AWARENESS Aspects of Sh
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STABILITY Damping Transverse Instab
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Single Target Spin Asymmetries and
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WEAR Wear Prediction of Strip Seals
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Anderson, Robert H. The Vulnerabili
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Chien, Ting-Li Navigation of a Mobi
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The Modeling and Segmentation of Sp
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Fomin, Pavel Test and Evaluation of
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Hann, P. R. Technical Equivalency D
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Irons, F. H. A Phase-Plane Approach
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Using Rhythms of Relationships to U
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Resch, C. Communications Technology
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Wheeler, P. D. Practical Adaptive N
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