Callister - An introduction - 8th edition

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118 • Chapter 4 / Imperfections in Solids Important Terms and Concepts alloy atomic vibration atom percent Boltzmann’s constant Burgers vector composition dislocation line edge dislocation grain size imperfection interstitial solid solution microscopy microstructure mixed dislocation photomicrograph point defect scanning electron microscope (SEM) scanning probe microscope (SPM) screw dislocation self-interstitial solid solution solute solvent substitutional solid solution transmission electron microscope (TEM) vacancy weight percent REFERENCES ASM Handbook, Vol. 9, Metallography and Microstructures, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 2004. Brandon, D., and W. D. Kaplan, Microstructural Characterization of Materials, 2nd <strong>edition</strong>, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 2008. Clarke, A. R., and C. N. Eberhardt, Microscopy Techniques for Materials Science, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2002. Kelly,A., G.W. Groves, and P. Kidd, Crystallography and Crystal Defects, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 2000. Tilley, R. J. D., Defects in Solids, Wiley-Interscience, Hoboken, NJ, 2009. Van Bueren, H. G., Imperfections in Crystals, North- Holland, Amsterdam (Wiley-Interscience, New York), 1960. Vander Voort, G. F., Metallography, Principles and Practice, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1984. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS Vacancies and Self-Interstitials 4.1 Calculate the fraction of atom sites that are vacant for lead at its melting temperature of 327C (600 K). Assume an energy for vacancy formation of 0.55 eV/atom. 4.2 Calculate the number of vacancies per cubic meter in iron at 850C.The energy for vacancy formation is 1.08 eV/atom. Furthermore, the density and atomic weight for Fe are 7.65 g/cm 3 (at 850ºC) and 55.85 g/mol, respectively. 4.3 Calculate the activation energy for vacancy formation in aluminum, given that the equilibrium number of vacancies at 500C (773 K) is 7.57 10 23 m 3 .The atomic weight and density (at 500C) for aluminum are, respectively, 26.98 g/mol and 2.62 g/cm 3 . Impurities in Solids 4.4 Atomic radius, crystal structure, electronegativity, and the most common valence are tabulated in the following table for several elements; for those that are nonmetals, only atomic radii are indicated. Atomic Radius Crystal Electro- Element (nm) Structure negativity Valence Cu 0.1278 FCC 1.9 2 C 0.071 H 0.046 O 0.060 Ag 0.1445 FCC 1.9 1 Al 0.1431 FCC 1.5 3 Co 0.1253 HCP 1.8 2 Cr 0.1249 BCC 1.6 3 Fe 0.1241 BCC 1.8 2 Ni 0.1246 FCC 1.8 2 Pd 0.1376 FCC 2.2 2 Pt 0.1387 FCC 2.2 2 Zn 0.1332 HCP 1.6 2 Which of these elements would you expect to form the following with copper:
Questions and Problems • 119 (a) A substitutional solid solution having complete solubility (b) A substitutional solid solution of incomplete solubility (c) <strong>An</strong> interstitial solid solution 4.5 For both FCC and BCC crystal structures, there are two different types of interstitial sites. In each case, one site is larger than the other and is normally occupied by impurity atoms. For FCC, this larger one is located at the center of each edge of the unit cell; it is termed an octahedral interstitial site. On the other hand, with BCC the larger site type is 1 1 found at 0 2 4 positions—that is, lying on {100} faces and situated midway between two unit cell edges on this face and one-quarter of the distance between the other two unit cell edges; it is termed a tetrahedral interstitial site. For both FCC and BCC crystal structures, compute the radius r of an impurity atom that will just fit into one of these sites in terms of the atomic radius R of the host atom. Specification of Composition 4.6 Derive the following equations: (a) Equation 4.7a (b) Equation 4.9a (c) Equation 4.10a (d) Equation 4.11b 4.7 What is the composition, in atom percent, of an alloy that consists of 30 wt% Zn and 70 wt% Cu? 4.8 What is the composition, in weight percent, of an alloy that consists of 6 at% Pb and 94 at% Sn? 4.9 Calculate the composition, in weight percent, of an alloy that contains 218.0 kg titanium, 14.6 kg aluminum, and 9.7 kg vanadium. 4.10 What is the composition, in atom percent, of an alloy that contains 98 g tin and 65 g lead? 4.11 What is the composition, in atom percent, of an alloy that contains 99.7 lb m copper, 102 lb m zinc, and 2.1 lb m lead? 4.12 What is the composition, in atom percent, of an alloy that consists of 97 wt% Fe and 3 wt% Si? 4.13 Convert the atom percent composition in Problem 4.11 to weight percent. 4.14 Calculate the number of atoms per cubic meter in aluminum. 4.15 The concentration of carbon in an iron– carbon alloy is 0.15 wt%. What is the concentration in kilograms of carbon per cubic meter of alloy? 4.16 Determine the approximate density of a highleaded brass that has a composition of 64.5 wt% Cu, 33.5 wt% Zn, and 2 wt% Pb. 4.17 Calculate the unit cell edge length for an 85 wt% Fe–15 wt% V alloy. All of the vanadium is in solid solution, and at room temperature the crystal structure for this alloy is BCC. 4.18 Some hypothetical alloy is composed of 12.5 wt% of metal A and 87.5 wt% of metal B. If the densities of metals A and B are 4.27 and 6.35 g/cm 3 , respectively, whereas their respective atomic weights are 61.4 and 125.7 g/mol, determine whether the crystal structure for this alloy is simple cubic, face-centered cubic, or body-centered cubic. Assume a unit cell edge length of 0.395 nm. 4.19 For a solid solution consisting of two elements (designated as 1 and 2), sometimes it is desirable to determine the number of atoms per cubic centimeter of one element in a solid solution, N 1 , given the concentration of that element specified in weight percent, C 1 . This computation is possible using the following expression: N A C 1 N 1 (4.18) C 1 A 1 A 1 1100 C r 1 r 1 2 2 where N A Avogadro’s number r 1 and r 2 densities of the two elements A 1 the atomic weight of element 1 Derive Equation 4.18 using Equation 4.2 and expressions contained in Section 4.4. 4.20 Gold forms a substitutional solid solution with silver. Compute the number of gold atoms per cubic centimeter for a silver–gold alloy that contains 10 wt% Au and 90 wt% Ag. The densities of pure gold and silver are 19.32 and 10.49 g/cm 3 , respectively. 4.21 Germanium forms a substitutional solid solution with silicon. Compute the number of germanium atoms per cubic centimeter for a
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Characteristics of Selected Element
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E IGHTH E DITION Materials Science
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Dedicated to our wives, Nancy and E
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viii • Preface FEATURES THAT ARE
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x • Preface 2. Answers to Concept
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Appreciation is expressed to those
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xiv • Contents 3. The Structure o
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xvi • Contents 9.12 Development o
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xviii • Contents 15.14 Factors Th
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xx • Contents 21.14 Optical Fiber
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xxii • List of Symbols HK Knoop
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Chapter 1 Introduction A familiar i
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1.2 Materials Science and Engineeri
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1.4 Classification of Materials •
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1.5 Advanced Materials • 11 aeros
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1.6 Modern Materials’ Needs • 1
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STEELS Processing Diffusion ➣ Rec
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Question • 17 REFERENCES Ashby, M
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WHY STUDY Atomic Structure and Inte
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2.3 Electrons in Atoms • 21 Orbit
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2.3 Electrons in Atoms • 23 Table
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2.3 Electrons in Atoms • 25 Table
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2.4 The Periodic Table • 27 Metal
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2.5 Bonding Forces and Energies •
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2.6 Primary Interatomic Bonds • 3
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2.6 Primary Interatomic Bonds • 3
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2.7 Secondary Bonding or van der Wa
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2.7 Secondary Bonding or van der Wa
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Summary • 39 Primary Interatomic
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Questions and Problems • 41 QUEST
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Questions and Problems • 43 Sprea
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WHY STUDY The Structure of Crystall
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lattice 3.4 Metallic Crystal Struct
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3.4 Metallic Crystal Structures •
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3.5 Density Computations • 51 EXA
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3.7 Crystal Systems • 53 Another
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3.8 Point Coordinates • 55 Concep
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3.9 Crystallographic Directions •
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3.10 Crystallographic Planes • 63
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3.10 Crystallographic Planes • 65
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Page 97 and 98: 3.12 Close-Packed Crystal Structure
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Page 109 and 110: Summary • 81 Point Coordinates Cr
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Page 113 and 114: Questions and Problems • 85 118.7
Page 115 and 116: Questions and Problems • 87 3.40
Page 117 and 118: Questions and Problems • 89 Inten
Page 119 and 120: WHY STUDY Imperfections in Solids?
Page 121 and 122: self-interstitial increases exponen
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Page 125 and 126: 4.4 Specification of Composition
Page 127 and 128: 4.5 Dislocations—Linear Defects
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Page 131 and 132: 4.6 Interfacial Defects • 103 Ang
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Page 135 and 136: the order of 10 13 vibrations per s
Page 137 and 138: 4.10 Microscopic Techniques • 109
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Page 141 and 142: 4.11 GRAIN SIZE DETERMINATION grain
Page 143 and 144: Summary • 115 Specification of Co
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Page 149 and 150: Design Problems • 121 (a) at a ma
Page 151 and 152: WHY Study Diffusion? Materials of a
Page 153 and 154: 5.2 Diffusion Mechanisms • 125 se
Page 155 and 156: 5.3 Steady-State Diffusion • 127
Page 157 and 158: 5.4 Nonsteady-State Diffusion • 1
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Page 171 and 172: Summary • 143 Diffusion in Semico
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Page 175 and 176: Diffusion coefficient (m 2 /s) 10 -
Page 177 and 178: Design Problems • 149 the process
Page 179 and 180: WHY STUDY The Mechanical Properties
Page 181 and 182: 6.2 Concepts of Stress and Strain
Page 183 and 184: 6.2 Concepts of Stress and Strain
Page 185 and 186: 6.3 Stress-Strain Behavior • 157
Page 187 and 188: 6.4 Anelasticity • 159 Figure 6.8
Page 189 and 190: 6.5 Elastic Properties Of Materials
Page 191 and 192: 6.6 Tensile Properties • 163 Figu
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6.6 Tensile Properties • 169 y F
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6.7 True Stress and Strain • 171
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6.9 Compressive, Shear, and Torsion
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Table 6.5 Hardness-Testing Techniqu
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Brinell Hardness Tests 15 6.10 Hard
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6.10 Hardness • 179 are contained
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6.11 Variability Of Material Proper
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6.12 Design/Safety Factors • 183
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Summary • 185 • For an isotropi
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Summary • 187 6.15 s T F True st
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Questions and Problems • 189 a lo
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Questions and Problems • 191 tens
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Questions and Problems • 193 modu
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Design Problems • 195 (a) Determi
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Chapter 7 Dislocations and Strength
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Dislocations and Plastic Deformatio
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7.3 Characteristics of Dislocations
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7.4 Slip Systems • 203 D B A (a)
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7.5 Slip in Single Crystals • 205
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7.5 Slip in Single Crystals • 207
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7.6 Plastic Deformation of Polycrys
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7.7 Deformation by Twinning • 211
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7.9 Solid-Solution Strengthening
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7.10 Strain Hardening • 215 (a) (
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7.10 Strain Hardening • 217 600 2
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7.11 RECOVERY recovery 7.12 RECRYST
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7.12 Recrystallization • 221 (e)
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7.12 Recrystallization • 223 DESI
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Summary • 225 Figure 7.25 The log
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Summary • 227 Strain Hardening
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Questions and Problems • 229 Iron
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Questions and Problems • 231 and
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Design Problems • 233 Spreadsheet
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WHY STUDY Failure? The design of a
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8.3 Ductile Fracture • 237 Figure
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8.4 Brittle Fracture • 239 8.4 BR
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8.4 Brittle Fracture • 241 SEM Mi
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8.5 Principles of Fracture Mechanic
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8.6 Fracture Toughness Testing •
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8.6 Fracture Toughness Testing •
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8.7 Cyclic Stresses • 255 Most ce
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8.8 The S-N Curve • 257 fatigue l
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8.9 Crack Initiation and Propagatio
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8.9 Crack Initiation and Propagatio
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8.10 Factors that Affect Fatigue Li
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8.12 Generalized Creep Behavior •
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8.13 Stress and Temperature Effects
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8.15 Alloys For High-Temperature Us
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Summary • 271 Ductile Fracture
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Summary • 273 • The presence of
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fatigue limit fatigue strength frac
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Questions and Problems • 277 Cycl
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Design Problems • 279 8.31 A cyli
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Chapter 9 Phase Diagrams The graph
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Definitions and Basic Concepts 9.2
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9.5 PHASE EQUILIBRIA equilibrium fr
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phases is along curve aO—likewise
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9.8 Interpretation of Phase Diagram
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9.9 Development of Microstructure i
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9.10 Mechanical Properties of Isomo
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9.11 Binary Eutectic Systems • 29
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9.12 Development of Microstructure
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9.13 Equilibrium Diagrams Having In
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9.14 Eutectoid and Peritectic React
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9.15 Congruent Phase Transformation
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9.17 The Gibbs Phase Rule • 317 F
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The Iron-Carbon System 9.18 The Iro
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9.18 The Iron-Iron Carbide (Fe-Fe 3
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Summary • 331 SUMMARY Introductio
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Summary • 333 Development of Micr
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Questions and Problems • 335 Impo
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Questions and Problems • 337 (b)
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Questions and Problems • 339 Figu
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Questions and Problems • 341 9.54
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WHY STUDY Phase Transformations? Th
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10.3 The Kinetics of Phase Transfor
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10.4 Metastable versus Equilibrium
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10.5 Isothermal Transformation Diag
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10.6 Continuous Cooling Transformat
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10.6 Continuous Cooling Transformat
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10.7 Mechanical Behavior of Iron-Ca
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10.7 Mechanical Behavior of Iron-Ca
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10.8 TEMPERED MARTENSITE In the as-
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10.8 Tempered Martensite • 377 (b
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10.9 Review of Phase Transformation
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Summary • 381 Figure 10.37. Of co
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Summary • 383 Spheroidite—is co
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Questions and Problems • 385 Stee
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Questions and Problems • 389 (c)
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Chapter 11 Applications and Process
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11.2 Ferrous Alloys • 393 Types o
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11.2 Ferrous Alloys • 395 Table 1
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11.2 Ferrous Alloys • 397 Table 1
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11.2 Ferrous Alloys • 399 is exte
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11.2 Ferrous Alloys • 401 (c) 20
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Table 11.5 Designations, Minimum Me
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11.2 Ferrous Alloys • 405 is pres
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11.3 Nonferrous Alloys • 407 Tabl
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Table 11.9 Compositions, Mechanical
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11.3 Nonferrous Alloys • 415 or n
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11.4 Forming Operations • 417 Met
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11.5 Casting • 419 that have rath
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11.6 Miscellaneous Techniques • 4
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11.7 Annealing Processes • 423 ox
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modification of mechanical properti
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11.8 Heat Treatment of Steels • 4
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11.9 Precipitation Hardening • 43
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Summary • 443 Forming Operations
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Summary • 445 PROCESSING Recrysta
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Questions and Problems • 447 REFE
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Design Problems • 449 and temperi
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Chapter 12 Structures and Propertie
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12.2 Crystal Structures • 453 Con
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12.2 Crystal Structures • 455 Tab
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12.2 Crystal Structures • 457 Fur
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12.2 Crystal Structures • 459 VMS
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12.2 Crystal Structures • 461 Tet
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12.2 Crystal Structures • 463 EXA
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12.3 Silicate Ceramics • 465 Si 4
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12.3 Silicate Ceramics • 467 Figu
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12.4 Carbon • 469 Figure 12.16 Sc
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Another molecular form of carbon ha
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12.5 Imperfections in Ceramics •
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12.5 Imperfections in Ceramics •
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12.7 Ceramic Phase Diagrams • 477
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12.7 Ceramic Phase Diagrams • 479
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12.8 Brittle Fracture of Ceramics
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12.8 Brittle Fracture of Ceramics
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flexural strength Flexural strength
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12.10 Mechanisms of Plastic Deforma
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viscosities at ambient temperatures
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Summary • 491 Table 12.6 Vickers
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Summary • 493 • Diagrams for Al
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Questions and Problems • 495 visc
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Questions and Problems • 497 does
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Questions and Problems • 499 Stre
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Chapter 13 Applications and Process
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13.3 Glass-Ceramics • 503 Ceramic
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13.5 Refractories • 505 Glass-cer
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13.6 Abrasives • 507 (2910F). Thu
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13.8 Advanced Ceramics • 509 Seve
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13.8 Advanced Ceramics • 511 opti
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13.9 Fabrication and Processing of
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13.11 Powder Pressing • 523 a sca
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13.12 Tape Casting • 525 Figure 1
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Summary • 527 • Requirements fo
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Summary • 529 This chapter also d
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13.12 Compare the softening points
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WHY STUDY Polymer Structures? A rel
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14.3 Polymer Molecules • 535 Tabl
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14.4 The Chemistry of Polymer Molec
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14.4 The Chemistry of Polymer Molec
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Figure 14.3 Hypothetical polymer mo
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14.5 Molecular Weight • 543 Table
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14.7 Molecular Structure • 545 Fi
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14.8 Molecular Configurations • 5
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14.8 Molecular Configurations • 5
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14.10 Copolymers • 551 adjacent c
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14.11 Polymer Crystallinity • 553
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For copolymers, as a general rule,
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14.12 Polymer Crystals • 557 ~ 10
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14.14 Diffusion in Polymeric Materi
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Summary • 561 PET is permeable to
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Equation Summary Summary • 563 Po
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Important Terms and Concepts Questi
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Questions and Problems • 567 age
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Chapter 15 Characteristics, Applica
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15.2 Stress-Strain Behavior • 571
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15.3 Macroscopic Deformation • 57
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15.4 Viscoelastic Deformation • 5
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15.4 Viscoelastic Deformation • 5
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15.5 Fracture of Polymers • 579 F
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15.7 Deformation of Semicrystalline
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t 0 t t 0 t 0 Stage 1 Stage 2 (a) (
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15.8 Factors That Influence the Mec
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15.8 Factors That Influence the Mec
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15.9 Deformation of Elastomers •
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15.10 Crystallization • 591 Norma
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15.13 Melting and Glass Transition
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15.14 Factors That Influence Meltin
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15.15 Plastics • 597 Table 15.3 (
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15.16 Elastomers • 599 ing phenol
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15.18 Miscellaneous Applications
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15.19 Advanced Polymeric Materials
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15.19 Advanced Polymeric Materials
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The tensile modulus of this TPE mat
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15.20 Polymerization • 609 Additi
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15.22 Forming Techniques for Plasti
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15.22 Forming Techniques for Plasti
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15.24 Fabrication of Fibers and Fil
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Factors That Influence the Mechanic
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Summary • 619 Equation Summary Eq
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Questions and Problems • 621 McCr
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Questions and Problems • 623 Tens
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Design Questions • 625 Elastomers
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3.1 Hardness • 627 WHY STUDY Comp
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16.1 Introduction • 629 Dispersed
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16.2 Large-Particle Composites •
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16.2 Large-Particle Composites •
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Critical fiber length—dependence
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16.5 Influence of Fiber Orientation
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ut, because s/E, 16.5 Influence o
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16.6 The Fiber Phase • 645 Applic
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eactions with the environment. Such
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16.8 Polymer-Matrix Composites •
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16.8 Polymer-Matrix Composites •
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16.9 Metal-Matrix Composites • 65
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The high-temperature creep and rupt
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16.12 HYBRID COMPOSITES hybrid comp
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16.13 Processing of Fiber-Reinforce
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16.15 Sandwich Panels • 661 Figur
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Summary • 663 they remain separat
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Summary • 665 When l l c , Equat
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References • 667 List of Symbols
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Design Problems • 671 to be align
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Chapter 17 Corrosion and Degradatio
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Corrosion of Metals 17.2 Electroche
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17.2 Electrochemical Considerations
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17.4 Prediction of Corrosion Rates
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17.5 Passivity • 691 to further c
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17.7 Forms of Corrosion • 693 sur
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17.7 Forms of Corrosion • 695 Fig
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sodium chloride. Dilute sulfuric ac
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17.10 Oxidation • 703 Zinc coatin
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17.10 Oxidation • 705 Table 17.3
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Ceramic materials are frequently us
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17.12 Bond Rupture • 709 17.12 BO
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Summary • 711 marily a result of
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Summary • 713 Corrosion Preventio
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Questions and Problems • 715 REFE
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Chapter 18 Electrical Properties (b
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18.3 Electrical Conductivity • 72
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18.5 Energy Band Structures in Soli
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valence band conduction band energy
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covalent) and relatively weak, whic
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18.8 Electrical Resistivity of Meta
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18.9 Electrical Characteristics of
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18.10 Intrinsic Semiconduction •
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18.10 Intrinsic Semiconduction •
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18.11 Extrinsic Semiconduction •
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18.11 Extrinsic Semiconduction •
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18.12 The Temperature Dependence of
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18.13 Factors That Affect Carrier M
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DESIGN EXAMPLE 18.1 Acceptor Impuri
Page 775 and 776:
18.14 The Hall Effect • 747 Depen
Page 777 and 778:
18.15 Semiconductor Devices • 749
Page 779 and 780:
Page 781 and 782:
Page 783 and 784:
18.16 Conduction in Ionic Materials
Page 785 and 786:
ands that overlap the valence and c
Page 787 and 788:
18.19 Field Vectors and Polarizatio
Page 789 and 790:
18.19 Field Vectors and Polarizatio
Page 791 and 792:
ionic polarization Electric dipole
Page 793 and 794:
18.23 Dielectric Materials • 765
Page 795 and 796:
Summary • 767 + + + + + + + + +
Page 797 and 798:
Summary • 769 • With these mate
Page 799 and 800:
Summary • 771 18.11 r i Ac i 11
Page 801 and 802:
Summary • 773 One common use for
Page 803 and 804:
Questions and Problems • 775 Elec
Page 805 and 806:
Questions and Problems • 777 The
Page 807 and 808:
Design Problems • 779 DESIGN PROB
Page 809 and 810:
Chapter 19 Thermal Properties (a) (
Page 811 and 812:
19.2 Heat Capacity • 783 Figure 1
Page 813 and 814:
19.3 Thermal Expansion • 785 Tabl
Page 815 and 816:
19.3 Thermal Expansion • 787 For
Page 817 and 818:
19.4 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY Thermal c
Page 819 and 820:
19.4 Thermal Conductivity • 791 F
Page 821 and 822:
19.5 Thermal Stresses • 793 speci
Page 823 and 824:
Summary • 795 • Coefficient-of-
Page 825 and 826:
Page 827 and 828:
Design Problems • 799 rod be fabr
Page 829 and 830:
WHY STUDY the Magnetic Properties o
Page 831 and 832:
20.2 Basic Concepts • 803 I B 0 =
Page 833 and 834:
20.3 Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism
Page 835 and 836:
20.4 Ferromagnetism • 807 Table 2
Page 837 and 838:
20.5 Antiferromagnetism and Ferrima
Page 839 and 840:
20.5 Antiferromagnetism and Ferrima
Page 841 and 842:
20.6 The Influence of Temperature o
Page 843 and 844:
20.7 Domains and Hysteresis • 815
Page 845 and 846:
20.7 Domains and Hysteresis • 817
Page 847 and 848:
20.9 Soft Magnetic Materials • 81
Page 849 and 850:
20.9 Soft Magnetic Materials • 82
Page 851 and 852:
20.10 Hard Magnetic Materials • 8
Page 853 and 854:
20.11 Magnetic Storage • 825 requ
Page 855 and 856:
20.11 Magnetic Storage • 827 Figu
Page 857 and 858:
20.12 Superconductivity • 829 Ele
Page 859 and 860:
20.12 Superconductivity • 831 Tab
Page 861 and 862:
Summary • 833 • For cubic ferri
Page 863 and 864:
Questions and Problems • 835 List
Page 865 and 866:
Questions and Problems • 837 with
Page 867 and 868:
Design Problems • 839 H C 1T 2 H
Page 869 and 870:
WHY STUDY the Optical Properties of
Page 871 and 872:
21.3 Light Interactions with Solids
Page 873 and 874:
21.4 Atomic and Electronic Interact
Page 875 and 876:
21.5 Refraction • 847 Velocity of
Page 877 and 878:
21.7 ABSORPTION Nonmetallic materia
Page 879 and 880:
21.7 Absorption • 851 Reaction de
Page 881 and 882:
21.9 Color • 853 21.9 COLOR color
Page 883 and 884:
21.11 Luminescence • 855 Figure 2
Page 885 and 886:
21.11 Luminescence • 857 n- and p
Page 887 and 888:
21.13 Lasers • 859 Ruby Flash lam
Page 889 and 890:
21.13 Lasers • 861 Partially refl
Page 891 and 892:
21.4 Optical Fibers in Communicatio
Page 893 and 894:
Summary • 865 Input impulse Outpu
Page 895 and 896:
Summary • 867 Transparent nonmeta
Page 897 and 898:
Questions and Problems • 869 Impo
Page 899 and 900:
Design Problem • 871 fiber glass
Page 901 and 902:
WHY STUDY Economic, Environmental,
Page 903 and 904:
Environmental and Societal Consider
Page 905 and 906:
Environmental and Societal Consider
Page 907 and 908:
22.5 Recycling Issues in Materials
Page 909 and 910:
Page 911 and 912:
Page 913:
Design Questions • 885 Environmen
Page 916 and 917:
A2 • Appendix A / The Internation
Page 918 and 919:
A4 • Appendix B / Properties of S
Page 920 and 921:
Page 922 and 923:
Page 924 and 925:
A10 • Appendix B / Properties of
Page 926 and 927:
Page 928 and 929:
Page 930 and 931:
Page 932 and 933:
Page 934 and 935:
Page 936 and 937:
Page 938 and 939:
Page 940 and 941:
Page 942 and 943:
Page 944 and 945:
Page 946 and 947:
A32 • Appendix C / Costs and Rela
Page 948 and 949:
A34 • Appendix C / Costs and Rela
Page 950 and 951:
Appendix D Repeat Unit Structures f
Page 952 and 953:
A38 • Appendix D / Repeat Unit St
Page 954 and 955:
Appendix E Glass Transition and Mel
Page 956 and 957:
G2 • Glossary atomic mass units (
Page 958 and 959:
G4 • Glossary according to unit c
Page 960 and 961:
G6 • Glossary Fick’s first law.
Page 962 and 963:
G8 • Glossary J Jominy end-quench
Page 964 and 965:
G10 • Glossary alternating layers
Page 966 and 967:
G12 • Glossary stock; also, elong
Page 968 and 969:
G14 • Glossary tempered martensit
Page 970 and 971:
Answers to Selected Problems Chapte
Page 972 and 973:
S2 • Answers to Selected Problems
Page 974:
S4 • Answers to Selected Problems
Page 977 and 978:
plane strain fracture toughness, 24
Page 979 and 980:
Clay, characteristics, 518-519 Clay
Page 981 and 982:
Die casting, 419 Dielectric breakdo
Page 983 and 984:
Fatigue life, 258, G4 factors that
Page 985 and 986:
Heat treatable, definition of, 406
Page 987 and 988:
modulus of elasticity, 486 thermal
Page 989 and 990:
Nanotubes, carbon, 13, 471 Natural
Page 991 and 992:
fatigue behavior (PET), 580 magneti
Page 993 and 994:
single crystal, 451 structure of, 4
Page 995 and 996:
Stabilized zirconia, 478, 655 Stabi
Page 997 and 998:
Transparency, 844, G13 Transverse b
Page 999 and 1000:
Power 1 W 0.239 cal/s 1 cal/s 4.1
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Callister - An introduction - 8th edition

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