Callister - An introduction - 8th edition

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220 • Chapter 7 / Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms (a) 100 m (b) 100 m (c) 100 m (d) 100 m Figure 7.21 Photomicrographs showing several stages of the recrystallization and grain growth of brass. (a) Cold-worked (33%CW) grain structure. (b) Initial stage of recrystallization after heating 3 s at 580C (1075F); the very small grains are those that have recrystallized. (c) Partial replacement of cold-worked grains by recrystallized ones (4 s at 580C). (d) Complete recrystallization (8 s at 580C). (e) Grain growth after 15 min at 580C. ( f ) Grain growth after 10 min at 700C (1290F). All photomicrographs 75. (Photomicrographs courtesy of J. E. Burke, General Electric Company.) ary) mobilities; this results in a decrease of the recrystallization rate and raises the recrystallization temperature, sometimes quite substantially. For pure metals, the recrystallization temperature is normally 0.4T m , where T m is the absolute melting temperature; for some commercial alloys it may run as high as 0.7T m . Recrystallization and melting temperatures for a number of metals and alloys are listed in Table 7.2.
7.12 Recrystallization • 221 (e) 100 m (f) 100 m Figure 7.21 (continued) Figure 7.22 The influence of annealing temperature (for an annealing time of 1 h) on the tensile strength and ductility of a brass alloy. Grain size as a function of annealing temperature is indicated. Grain structures during recovery, recrystallization, and grain growth stages are shown schematically. (Adapted from G. Sachs and K. R. Van Horn, Practical Metallurgy, Applied Metallurgy and the Industrial Processing of Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals and Alloys, American Society for Metals, 1940, p. 139.) 600 500 400 300 Cold-worked and recovered grains Grain size (mm) Tensile strength (MPa) 0.040 0.030 0.020 0.010 Recovery <strong>An</strong>nealing temperature (°F) 400 600 800 1000 1200 Tensile strength Ductility Recrystallization New grains Grain growth 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 <strong>An</strong>nealing temperature (°C) 60 50 40 30 20 Ductility (%EL)
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Characteristics of Selected Element
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With WileyPLUS: This online teachin
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E IGHTH E DITION Materials Science
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Dedicated to our wives, Nancy and E
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viii • Preface FEATURES THAT ARE
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x • Preface 2. Answers to Concept
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Appreciation is expressed to those
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xiv • Contents 3. The Structure o
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xvi • Contents 9.12 Development o
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xviii • Contents 15.14 Factors Th
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xx • Contents 21.14 Optical Fiber
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xxii • List of Symbols HK Knoop
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Chapter 1 Introduction A familiar i
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1.2 Materials Science and Engineeri
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1.4 Classification of Materials •
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1.5 Advanced Materials • 11 aeros
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1.6 Modern Materials’ Needs • 1
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STEELS Processing Diffusion ➣ Rec
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Question • 17 REFERENCES Ashby, M
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WHY STUDY Atomic Structure and Inte
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2.3 Electrons in Atoms • 21 Orbit
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2.3 Electrons in Atoms • 23 Table
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2.3 Electrons in Atoms • 25 Table
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2.4 The Periodic Table • 27 Metal
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2.5 Bonding Forces and Energies •
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2.6 Primary Interatomic Bonds • 3
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2.6 Primary Interatomic Bonds • 3
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2.7 Secondary Bonding or van der Wa
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2.7 Secondary Bonding or van der Wa
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Summary • 39 Primary Interatomic
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Questions and Problems • 41 QUEST
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Questions and Problems • 43 Sprea
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WHY STUDY The Structure of Crystall
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lattice 3.4 Metallic Crystal Struct
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3.4 Metallic Crystal Structures •
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3.5 Density Computations • 51 EXA
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3.7 Crystal Systems • 53 Another
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3.8 Point Coordinates • 55 Concep
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3.9 Crystallographic Directions •
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3.10 Crystallographic Planes • 63
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3.12 Close-Packed Crystal Structure
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3.12 Close-Packed Crystal Structure
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3.15 Anisotropy • 73 (a) (b) grai
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3.16 X-Ray Diffraction: Determinati
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0° 3.16 X-Ray Diffraction: Determi
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3.17 Noncrystalline Solids • 79 (
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Summary • 81 Point Coordinates Cr
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Processing/Structure/Properties/Per
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Questions and Problems • 85 118.7
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Questions and Problems • 89 Inten
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WHY STUDY Imperfections in Solids?
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self-interstitial increases exponen
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2. Crystal structure. For appreciab
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4.4 Specification of Composition
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4.5 Dislocations—Linear Defects
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4.5 Dislocations—Linear Defects
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4.6 Interfacial Defects • 103 Ang
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4.6 Interfacial Defects • 105 MAT
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the order of 10 13 vibrations per s
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4.10 Microscopic Techniques • 109
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4.10 Microscopic Techniques • 111
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4.11 GRAIN SIZE DETERMINATION grain
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Summary • 115 Specification of Co
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Summary • 117 List of Symbols Sym
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Questions and Problems • 119 (a)
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Design Problems • 121 (a) at a ma
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WHY Study Diffusion? Materials of a
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5.2 Diffusion Mechanisms • 125 se
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5.3 Steady-State Diffusion • 127
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5.4 Nonsteady-State Diffusion • 1
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5.4 Nonsteady-State Diffusion • 1
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5.5 Factors That Influence Diffusio
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5.5 Factors That Influence Diffusio
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5.6 Diffusion in Semiconducting Mat
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is only an approximation), then the
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5.6 Diffusion in Semiconducting Mat
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Summary • 143 Diffusion in Semico
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Questions and Problems • 145 QUES
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Diffusion coefficient (m 2 /s) 10 -
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Design Problems • 149 the process
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WHY STUDY The Mechanical Properties
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6.2 Concepts of Stress and Strain
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6.2 Concepts of Stress and Strain
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6.3 Stress-Strain Behavior • 157
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6.4 Anelasticity • 159 Figure 6.8
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6.5 Elastic Properties Of Materials
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6.6 Tensile Properties • 163 Figu
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6.6 Tensile Properties • 165 in F
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6.6 Tensile Properties • 167 Brit
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Page 199 and 200: 6.7 True Stress and Strain • 171
Page 201 and 202: 6.9 Compressive, Shear, and Torsion
Page 203 and 204: Table 6.5 Hardness-Testing Techniqu
Page 205 and 206: Brinell Hardness Tests 15 6.10 Hard
Page 207 and 208: 6.10 Hardness • 179 are contained
Page 209 and 210: 6.11 Variability Of Material Proper
Page 211 and 212: 6.12 Design/Safety Factors • 183
Page 213 and 214: Summary • 185 • For an isotropi
Page 215 and 216: Summary • 187 6.15 s T F True st
Page 217 and 218: Questions and Problems • 189 a lo
Page 219 and 220: Questions and Problems • 191 tens
Page 221 and 222: Questions and Problems • 193 modu
Page 223 and 224: Design Problems • 195 (a) Determi
Page 225 and 226: Chapter 7 Dislocations and Strength
Page 227 and 228: Dislocations and Plastic Deformatio
Page 229 and 230: 7.3 Characteristics of Dislocations
Page 231 and 232: 7.4 Slip Systems • 203 D B A (a)
Page 233 and 234: 7.5 Slip in Single Crystals • 205
Page 235 and 236: 7.5 Slip in Single Crystals • 207
Page 237 and 238: 7.6 Plastic Deformation of Polycrys
Page 239 and 240: 7.7 Deformation by Twinning • 211
Page 241 and 242: 7.9 Solid-Solution Strengthening
Page 243 and 244: 7.10 Strain Hardening • 215 (a) (
Page 245 and 246: 7.10 Strain Hardening • 217 600 2
Page 247: 7.11 RECOVERY recovery 7.12 RECRYST
Page 251 and 252: 7.12 Recrystallization • 223 DESI
Page 253 and 254: Summary • 225 Figure 7.25 The log
Page 255 and 256: Summary • 227 Strain Hardening
Page 257 and 258: Questions and Problems • 229 Iron
Page 259 and 260: Questions and Problems • 231 and
Page 261 and 262: Design Problems • 233 Spreadsheet
Page 263 and 264: WHY STUDY Failure? The design of a
Page 265 and 266: 8.3 Ductile Fracture • 237 Figure
Page 267 and 268: 8.4 Brittle Fracture • 239 8.4 BR
Page 269 and 270: 8.4 Brittle Fracture • 241 SEM Mi
Page 271 and 272: 8.5 Principles of Fracture Mechanic
Page 279 and 280: 8.6 Fracture Toughness Testing •
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Page 283 and 284: 8.7 Cyclic Stresses • 255 Most ce
Page 285 and 286: 8.8 The S-N Curve • 257 fatigue l
Page 287 and 288: 8.9 Crack Initiation and Propagatio
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Page 291 and 292: 8.10 Factors that Affect Fatigue Li
Page 293 and 294: 8.12 Generalized Creep Behavior •
Page 295 and 296: 8.13 Stress and Temperature Effects
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Summary • 271 Ductile Fracture
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Summary • 273 • The presence of
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fatigue limit fatigue strength frac
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Questions and Problems • 277 Cycl
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Design Problems • 279 8.31 A cyli
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Chapter 9 Phase Diagrams The graph
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Definitions and Basic Concepts 9.2
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9.5 PHASE EQUILIBRIA equilibrium fr
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phases is along curve aO—likewise
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9.8 Interpretation of Phase Diagram
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9.9 Development of Microstructure i
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9.10 Mechanical Properties of Isomo
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9.11 Binary Eutectic Systems • 29
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9.12 Development of Microstructure
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9.13 Equilibrium Diagrams Having In
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9.14 Eutectoid and Peritectic React
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9.15 Congruent Phase Transformation
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9.17 The Gibbs Phase Rule • 317 F
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The Iron-Carbon System 9.18 The Iro
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9.18 The Iron-Iron Carbide (Fe-Fe 3
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Summary • 331 SUMMARY Introductio
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Summary • 333 Development of Micr
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Questions and Problems • 335 Impo
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Questions and Problems • 337 (b)
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Questions and Problems • 339 Figu
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WHY STUDY Phase Transformations? Th
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10.3 The Kinetics of Phase Transfor
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10.4 Metastable versus Equilibrium
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10.5 Isothermal Transformation Diag
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10.6 Continuous Cooling Transformat
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10.6 Continuous Cooling Transformat
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10.7 Mechanical Behavior of Iron-Ca
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10.7 Mechanical Behavior of Iron-Ca
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10.8 TEMPERED MARTENSITE In the as-
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10.8 Tempered Martensite • 377 (b
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10.9 Review of Phase Transformation
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Summary • 381 Figure 10.37. Of co
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Summary • 383 Spheroidite—is co
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Questions and Problems • 385 Stee
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Questions and Problems • 389 (c)
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Chapter 11 Applications and Process
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11.2 Ferrous Alloys • 393 Types o
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11.2 Ferrous Alloys • 395 Table 1
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11.2 Ferrous Alloys • 397 Table 1
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11.2 Ferrous Alloys • 399 is exte
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11.2 Ferrous Alloys • 401 (c) 20
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Table 11.5 Designations, Minimum Me
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11.2 Ferrous Alloys • 405 is pres
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11.3 Nonferrous Alloys • 407 Tabl
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Table 11.9 Compositions, Mechanical
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11.3 Nonferrous Alloys • 415 or n
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11.4 Forming Operations • 417 Met
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11.5 Casting • 419 that have rath
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11.6 Miscellaneous Techniques • 4
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11.7 Annealing Processes • 423 ox
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modification of mechanical properti
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11.8 Heat Treatment of Steels • 4
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11.9 Precipitation Hardening • 43
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Summary • 443 Forming Operations
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Summary • 445 PROCESSING Recrysta
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Questions and Problems • 447 REFE
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Design Problems • 449 and temperi
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Chapter 12 Structures and Propertie
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12.2 Crystal Structures • 453 Con
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12.2 Crystal Structures • 455 Tab
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12.2 Crystal Structures • 457 Fur
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12.2 Crystal Structures • 459 VMS
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12.2 Crystal Structures • 461 Tet
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12.2 Crystal Structures • 463 EXA
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12.3 Silicate Ceramics • 465 Si 4
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12.3 Silicate Ceramics • 467 Figu
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12.4 Carbon • 469 Figure 12.16 Sc
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Another molecular form of carbon ha
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12.5 Imperfections in Ceramics •
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12.5 Imperfections in Ceramics •
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12.7 Ceramic Phase Diagrams • 477
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12.7 Ceramic Phase Diagrams • 479
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12.8 Brittle Fracture of Ceramics
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12.8 Brittle Fracture of Ceramics
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flexural strength Flexural strength
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12.10 Mechanisms of Plastic Deforma
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viscosities at ambient temperatures
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Summary • 491 Table 12.6 Vickers
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Summary • 493 • Diagrams for Al
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Questions and Problems • 495 visc
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Questions and Problems • 497 does
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Questions and Problems • 499 Stre
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Chapter 13 Applications and Process
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13.3 Glass-Ceramics • 503 Ceramic
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13.5 Refractories • 505 Glass-cer
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13.6 Abrasives • 507 (2910F). Thu
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13.8 Advanced Ceramics • 509 Seve
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13.8 Advanced Ceramics • 511 opti
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13.9 Fabrication and Processing of
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13.11 Powder Pressing • 523 a sca
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13.12 Tape Casting • 525 Figure 1
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Summary • 527 • Requirements fo
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Summary • 529 This chapter also d
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13.12 Compare the softening points
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WHY STUDY Polymer Structures? A rel
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14.3 Polymer Molecules • 535 Tabl
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14.4 The Chemistry of Polymer Molec
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14.4 The Chemistry of Polymer Molec
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Figure 14.3 Hypothetical polymer mo
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14.5 Molecular Weight • 543 Table
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14.7 Molecular Structure • 545 Fi
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14.8 Molecular Configurations • 5
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14.8 Molecular Configurations • 5
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14.10 Copolymers • 551 adjacent c
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14.11 Polymer Crystallinity • 553
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For copolymers, as a general rule,
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14.12 Polymer Crystals • 557 ~ 10
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14.14 Diffusion in Polymeric Materi
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Summary • 561 PET is permeable to
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Equation Summary Summary • 563 Po
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Important Terms and Concepts Questi
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Questions and Problems • 567 age
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Chapter 15 Characteristics, Applica
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15.2 Stress-Strain Behavior • 571
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15.3 Macroscopic Deformation • 57
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15.4 Viscoelastic Deformation • 5
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15.4 Viscoelastic Deformation • 5
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15.5 Fracture of Polymers • 579 F
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15.7 Deformation of Semicrystalline
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t 0 t t 0 t 0 Stage 1 Stage 2 (a) (
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15.8 Factors That Influence the Mec
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15.8 Factors That Influence the Mec
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15.9 Deformation of Elastomers •
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15.10 Crystallization • 591 Norma
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15.13 Melting and Glass Transition
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15.14 Factors That Influence Meltin
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15.15 Plastics • 597 Table 15.3 (
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15.16 Elastomers • 599 ing phenol
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15.18 Miscellaneous Applications
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15.19 Advanced Polymeric Materials
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15.19 Advanced Polymeric Materials
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The tensile modulus of this TPE mat
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15.20 Polymerization • 609 Additi
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15.22 Forming Techniques for Plasti
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15.22 Forming Techniques for Plasti
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15.24 Fabrication of Fibers and Fil
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Factors That Influence the Mechanic
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Summary • 619 Equation Summary Eq
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Questions and Problems • 621 McCr
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Questions and Problems • 623 Tens
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Design Questions • 625 Elastomers
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3.1 Hardness • 627 WHY STUDY Comp
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16.1 Introduction • 629 Dispersed
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16.2 Large-Particle Composites •
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16.2 Large-Particle Composites •
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Critical fiber length—dependence
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16.5 Influence of Fiber Orientation
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ut, because s/E, 16.5 Influence o
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16.6 The Fiber Phase • 645 Applic
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eactions with the environment. Such
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16.8 Polymer-Matrix Composites •
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16.8 Polymer-Matrix Composites •
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16.9 Metal-Matrix Composites • 65
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The high-temperature creep and rupt
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16.12 HYBRID COMPOSITES hybrid comp
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16.13 Processing of Fiber-Reinforce
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16.15 Sandwich Panels • 661 Figur
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Summary • 663 they remain separat
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Summary • 665 When l l c , Equat
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References • 667 List of Symbols
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Design Problems • 671 to be align
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Chapter 17 Corrosion and Degradatio
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Corrosion of Metals 17.2 Electroche
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17.2 Electrochemical Considerations
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17.4 Prediction of Corrosion Rates
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17.5 Passivity • 691 to further c
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17.7 Forms of Corrosion • 693 sur
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17.7 Forms of Corrosion • 695 Fig
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sodium chloride. Dilute sulfuric ac
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17.10 Oxidation • 703 Zinc coatin
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17.10 Oxidation • 705 Table 17.3
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Ceramic materials are frequently us
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17.12 Bond Rupture • 709 17.12 BO
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Summary • 711 marily a result of
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Summary • 713 Corrosion Preventio
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Questions and Problems • 715 REFE
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Chapter 18 Electrical Properties (b
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18.3 Electrical Conductivity • 72
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18.5 Energy Band Structures in Soli
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valence band conduction band energy
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covalent) and relatively weak, whic
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18.8 Electrical Resistivity of Meta
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18.9 Electrical Characteristics of
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18.10 Intrinsic Semiconduction •
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18.10 Intrinsic Semiconduction •
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18.11 Extrinsic Semiconduction •
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18.11 Extrinsic Semiconduction •
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18.12 The Temperature Dependence of
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18.13 Factors That Affect Carrier M
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DESIGN EXAMPLE 18.1 Acceptor Impuri
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18.14 The Hall Effect • 747 Depen
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18.15 Semiconductor Devices • 749
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18.16 Conduction in Ionic Materials
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ands that overlap the valence and c
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18.19 Field Vectors and Polarizatio
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18.19 Field Vectors and Polarizatio
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ionic polarization Electric dipole
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18.23 Dielectric Materials • 765
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Summary • 767 + + + + + + + + +
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Summary • 769 • With these mate
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Summary • 771 18.11 r i Ac i 11
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Summary • 773 One common use for
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Questions and Problems • 775 Elec
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Questions and Problems • 777 The
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Design Problems • 779 DESIGN PROB
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Chapter 19 Thermal Properties (a) (
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19.2 Heat Capacity • 783 Figure 1
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19.3 Thermal Expansion • 785 Tabl
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19.3 Thermal Expansion • 787 For
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19.4 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY Thermal c
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19.4 Thermal Conductivity • 791 F
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19.5 Thermal Stresses • 793 speci
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Summary • 795 • Coefficient-of-
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Design Problems • 799 rod be fabr
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WHY STUDY the Magnetic Properties o
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20.2 Basic Concepts • 803 I B 0 =
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20.3 Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism
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20.4 Ferromagnetism • 807 Table 2
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20.5 Antiferromagnetism and Ferrima
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20.5 Antiferromagnetism and Ferrima
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20.6 The Influence of Temperature o
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20.7 Domains and Hysteresis • 815
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20.7 Domains and Hysteresis • 817
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20.9 Soft Magnetic Materials • 81
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20.9 Soft Magnetic Materials • 82
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20.10 Hard Magnetic Materials • 8
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20.11 Magnetic Storage • 825 requ
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20.11 Magnetic Storage • 827 Figu
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20.12 Superconductivity • 829 Ele
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20.12 Superconductivity • 831 Tab
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Summary • 833 • For cubic ferri
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Questions and Problems • 835 List
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Questions and Problems • 837 with
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Design Problems • 839 H C 1T 2 H
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WHY STUDY the Optical Properties of
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21.3 Light Interactions with Solids
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21.4 Atomic and Electronic Interact
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21.5 Refraction • 847 Velocity of
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21.7 ABSORPTION Nonmetallic materia
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21.7 Absorption • 851 Reaction de
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21.9 Color • 853 21.9 COLOR color
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21.11 Luminescence • 855 Figure 2
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21.11 Luminescence • 857 n- and p
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21.13 Lasers • 859 Ruby Flash lam
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21.13 Lasers • 861 Partially refl
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21.4 Optical Fibers in Communicatio
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Summary • 865 Input impulse Outpu
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Summary • 867 Transparent nonmeta
Page 897 and 898:
Questions and Problems • 869 Impo
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Design Problem • 871 fiber glass
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WHY STUDY Economic, Environmental,
Page 903 and 904:
Environmental and Societal Consider
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Environmental and Societal Consider
Page 907 and 908:
22.5 Recycling Issues in Materials
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Page 911 and 912:
Page 913:
Design Questions • 885 Environmen
Page 916 and 917:
A2 • Appendix A / The Internation
Page 918 and 919:
A4 • Appendix B / Properties of S
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Page 922 and 923:
Page 924 and 925:
A10 • Appendix B / Properties of
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Page 932 and 933:
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Page 946 and 947:
A32 • Appendix C / Costs and Rela
Page 948 and 949:
A34 • Appendix C / Costs and Rela
Page 950 and 951:
Appendix D Repeat Unit Structures f
Page 952 and 953:
A38 • Appendix D / Repeat Unit St
Page 954 and 955:
Appendix E Glass Transition and Mel
Page 956 and 957:
G2 • Glossary atomic mass units (
Page 958 and 959:
G4 • Glossary according to unit c
Page 960 and 961:
G6 • Glossary Fick’s first law.
Page 962 and 963:
G8 • Glossary J Jominy end-quench
Page 964 and 965:
G10 • Glossary alternating layers
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G12 • Glossary stock; also, elong
Page 968 and 969:
G14 • Glossary tempered martensit
Page 970 and 971:
Answers to Selected Problems Chapte
Page 972 and 973:
S2 • Answers to Selected Problems
Page 974:
S4 • Answers to Selected Problems
Page 977 and 978:
plane strain fracture toughness, 24
Page 979 and 980:
Clay, characteristics, 518-519 Clay
Page 981 and 982:
Die casting, 419 Dielectric breakdo
Page 983 and 984:
Fatigue life, 258, G4 factors that
Page 985 and 986:
Heat treatable, definition of, 406
Page 987 and 988:
modulus of elasticity, 486 thermal
Page 989 and 990:
Nanotubes, carbon, 13, 471 Natural
Page 991 and 992:
fatigue behavior (PET), 580 magneti
Page 993 and 994:
single crystal, 451 structure of, 4
Page 995 and 996:
Stabilized zirconia, 478, 655 Stabi
Page 997 and 998:
Transparency, 844, G13 Transverse b
Page 999 and 1000:
Power 1 W 0.239 cal/s 1 cal/s 4.1
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Callister - An introduction - 8th edition

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