Callister - An introduction - 8th edition

530 • Chapter 13 / Applications and Processing of Ceramics
REFERENCES
Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol. 4, Ceramics
and Glasses, ASM International, Materials
Park, OH, 1991.
Hewlett, P. C., Lea’s Chemistry of Cement & Concrete,
4th edition, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann,
Oxford, 2004.
Kingery, W. D., H. K. Bowen, and D. R. Uhlmann,
Introduction to Ceramics, 2nd edition, Wiley,
New York, 1976. Chapters 1, 10, 11, and 16.
Reed, J. S., Principles of Ceramic Processing, 2nd
edition, Wiley, New York, 1995.
Richerson, D.W., Modern Ceramic Engineering, 3rd
edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2006.
Schact, C. A. (Editor), Refractories Handbook,
Marcel Dekker, New York, 2004.
Shelby, J. E., Introduction to Glass Science and
Technology, Royal Society of Chemistry,
Cambridge, 2005.
Varshneya, A. K., Fundamentals of Inorganic Glasses,
Elsevier, 1994.
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
Glasses
Glass-Ceramics
13.1 Cite the two desirable characteristics of
glasses.
13.2 (a) What is crystallization?
(b) Cite two properties that may be improved
by crystallization.
Refractories
13.3 For refractory ceramic materials, cite three
characteristics that improve with and two
characteristics that are adversely affected by
increasing porosity.
13.4 Find the maximum temperature to which the
following two magnesia–alumina refractory
materials may be heated before a liquid phase
will appear.
(a) A spinel-bonded alumina material of composition
95 wt% Al 2 O 3 –5 wt% MgO.
(b) A magnesia–alumina spinel of composition
65 wt% Al 2 O 3 –35 wt% MgO.
Consult Figure 12.25.
13.5 Upon consideration of the SiO 2 –Al 2 O 3 phase
diagram, Figure 12.27, for each pair of the following
list of compositions, which would you
judge to be the more desirable refractory?
Justify your choices.
(a) 20 wt% Al 2 O 3 –80 wt% SiO 2 and 25 wt%
Al 2 O 3 –75 wt% SiO 2
(b) 70 wt% Al 2 O 3 –30 wt% SiO 2 and 80 wt%
Al 2 O 3 –20 wt% SiO 2
13.6 Compute the mass fractions of liquid in the following
refractory materials at 1600C (2910F):
(a) 6 wt% Al 2 O 3 –94 wt% SiO 2
(b) 10 wt% Al 2 O 3 –90 wt% SiO 2
(c) 30 wt% Al 2 O 3 –70 wt% SiO 2
(d) 80 wt% Al 2 O 3 –20 wt% SiO 2
13.7 For the MgO–Al 2 O 3 system, what is the maximum
temperature that is possible without the
formation of a liquid phase? At what composition
or over what range of compositions will
this maximum temperature be achieved?
Cements
13.8 Compare the manner in which the aggregate
particles become bonded together in claybased
mixtures during firing and in cements
during setting.
Fabrication and Processing of Glasses and
Glass-Ceramics
13.9 Soda and lime are added to a glass batch in
the form of soda ash (Na 2 CO 3 ) and limestone
(CaCO 3 ). During heating, these two ingredients
decompose to give off carbon dioxide
(CO 2 ), the resulting products being soda and
lime. Compute the weight of soda ash and
limestone that must be added to 100 lb m of
quartz (SiO 2 ) to yield a glass of composition
75 wt% SiO 2 , 15 wt% Na 2 O, and 10 wt% CaO.
13.10 What is the distinction between glass transition
temperature and melting temperature?
13.11 Compare the temperatures at which soda–
lime, borosilicate, 96% silica, and fused silica
may be annealed.