Callister - An introduction - 8th edition

Questions and Problems • 869
Important Terms and Concepts
absorption
color
electroluminescence
excited state
fluorescence
ground state
index of refraction
laser
light-emitting diode (LED)
luminescence
opaque
phosphorescence
photoconductivity
photon
Planck’s constant
reflection
refraction
translucent
transmission
transparent
REFERENCES
Fox, M., Optical Properties of Solids, Oxford University
Press, New York, 2001.
Gupta, M. C., and J. Ballato, The Handbook of Photonics,
2nd edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton,
FL, 2007.
Hecht, J., Understanding Lasers: An Entry-Level
Guide, 3rd edition, Wiley-IEEE Press, Hoboken/Piscataway,
NJ, 2008.
Kingery, W. D., H. K. Bowen, and D. R. Uhlmann,
Introduction to Ceramics, 2nd edition, Wiley,
New York, 1976, Chapter 13.
Rogers, A., Essentials of Photonics, 2nd edition,
CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2008.
Saleh, B. E. A., and M. C. Teich, Fundamentals of
Photonics, 2nd Edition, Wiley, Hoboken,
NJ, 2007.
Svelto, O., Principles of Lasers, 4th edition,
Springer, New York, 1998.
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
Electromagnetic Radiation
21.1 Visible light having a wavelength of 6 10 7
m appears orange. Compute the frequency
and energy of a photon of this light.
Light Interactions with Solids
21.2 Distinguish between materials that are
opaque, translucent, and transparent in terms
of their appearance and light transmittance.
Atomic and Electronic Interactions
21.3 (a) Briefly describe the phenomenon of
electronic polarization by electromagnetic
radiation. (b) What are two consequences
of electronic polarization in transparent
materials?
Optical Properties of Metals
21.4 Briefly explain why metals are opaque to
electromagnetic radiation having photon
energies within the visible region of the
spectrum.
Refraction
21.5 In ionic materials, how does the size of the
component ions affect the extent of electronic
polarization?
21.6 Can a material have an index of refraction
less than unity? Why or why not?
21.7 Compute the velocity of light in calcium fluoride
(CaF 2 ), which has a dielectric constant
r of 2.056 (at frequencies within the visible
range) and a magnetic susceptibility of
1.43 10 5 .
21.8 The indices of refraction of fused silica and
a soda–lime glass within the visible spectrum
are 1.458 and 1.51, respectively. For each of
these materials determine the fraction of the
relative dielectric constant at 60 Hz that is
due to electronic polarization, using the data
of Table 18.5. Neglect any orientation
polarization effects.
21.9 Using the data in Table 21.1, estimate the
dielectric constants for borosilicate glass,