Callister - An introduction - 8th edition

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568 • Chapter 14 / Polymer Structures (b) Determine the density of a specimen where and Q p are constants for a given having 55.4% crystallinity. gas-polymer pair. Consider the diffusion of hydrogen through a poly(dimethyl siloxane) Diffusion in Polymeric Materials (PDMSO) sheet 20 mm thick.The hydrogen 14.27 Consider the diffusion of water vapor pressures at the two faces are 10 kPa and through a polypropylene (PP) sheet 2 mm 1 kPa, which are maintained constant. Compute the diffusion flux [in (cm 3 STP)/cm 2 s] thick. The pressures of H 2 O at the two faces are 1 kPa and 10 kPa, which are maintained at 350 K. For this diffusion system constant. Assuming conditions of steady P state, what is the diffusion flux [in (cm 3 M0 1.45 10 8 1cm 3 STP21cm2/cm # 2 s # Pa STP)/cm 2 Q s] at 298 K? p 13.7 kJ/mol 14.28 Argon diffuses through a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) sheet 40 mm thick at a diffusion. Also, assume a condition of steady state rate of 4.0 10 7 (cm 3 STP)/cm 2 s at 325 K. The pressures of argon at the two faces are Spreadsheet Problem 5000 kPa and 1500 kPa, which are maintained constant. Assuming conditions of density values and their corresponding per- 14.1SS For a specific polymer, given at least two steady state, what is the permeability coefficient at 325 K? that allows the user to determine the cents crystallinity, develop a spreadsheet 14.29 The permeability coefficient of a type of following: (a) the density of the totally crystalline polymer, (b) the density of the to- small gas molecule in a polymer is dependent on absolute temperature according to tally amorphous polymer, (c) the percent the following equation: crystallinity of a specified density, and Q (d) the density for a specified percent p P M P M0 exp a RT b crystallinity. P M0
Chapter 15 Characteristics, Applications, and Processing of Polymers Top: Photograph of several billiard balls that are made of phenol-formaldehyde (Bakelite). The Materials of Importance piece that follows Section 15.15 discusses the invention of phenol-formaldehyde and its replacement of ivory for billiard balls. Bottom: Photograph of a woman playing billiards. (iStockphoto) • 569
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Characteristics of Selected Element
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With WileyPLUS: This online teachin
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E IGHTH E DITION Materials Science
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Dedicated to our wives, Nancy and E
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viii • Preface FEATURES THAT ARE
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x • Preface 2. Answers to Concept
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Appreciation is expressed to those
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xiv • Contents 3. The Structure o
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xvi • Contents 9.12 Development o
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xviii • Contents 15.14 Factors Th
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xx • Contents 21.14 Optical Fiber
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xxii • List of Symbols HK Knoop
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Chapter 1 Introduction A familiar i
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1.2 Materials Science and Engineeri
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1.4 Classification of Materials •
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1.5 Advanced Materials • 11 aeros
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1.6 Modern Materials’ Needs • 1
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STEELS Processing Diffusion ➣ Rec
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Question • 17 REFERENCES Ashby, M
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WHY STUDY Atomic Structure and Inte
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2.3 Electrons in Atoms • 21 Orbit
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2.3 Electrons in Atoms • 23 Table
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2.3 Electrons in Atoms • 25 Table
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2.4 The Periodic Table • 27 Metal
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2.5 Bonding Forces and Energies •
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2.6 Primary Interatomic Bonds • 3
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2.6 Primary Interatomic Bonds • 3
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2.7 Secondary Bonding or van der Wa
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2.7 Secondary Bonding or van der Wa
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Summary • 39 Primary Interatomic
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Questions and Problems • 41 QUEST
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Questions and Problems • 43 Sprea
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WHY STUDY The Structure of Crystall
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lattice 3.4 Metallic Crystal Struct
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3.4 Metallic Crystal Structures •
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3.5 Density Computations • 51 EXA
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3.7 Crystal Systems • 53 Another
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3.8 Point Coordinates • 55 Concep
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3.9 Crystallographic Directions •
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3.10 Crystallographic Planes • 63
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3.12 Close-Packed Crystal Structure
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3.12 Close-Packed Crystal Structure
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3.15 Anisotropy • 73 (a) (b) grai
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3.16 X-Ray Diffraction: Determinati
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0° 3.16 X-Ray Diffraction: Determi
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3.17 Noncrystalline Solids • 79 (
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Summary • 81 Point Coordinates Cr
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Processing/Structure/Properties/Per
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Questions and Problems • 85 118.7
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Questions and Problems • 89 Inten
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WHY STUDY Imperfections in Solids?
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self-interstitial increases exponen
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2. Crystal structure. For appreciab
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4.4 Specification of Composition
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4.5 Dislocations—Linear Defects
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4.5 Dislocations—Linear Defects
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4.6 Interfacial Defects • 103 Ang
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4.6 Interfacial Defects • 105 MAT
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the order of 10 13 vibrations per s
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4.10 Microscopic Techniques • 109
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4.10 Microscopic Techniques • 111
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4.11 GRAIN SIZE DETERMINATION grain
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Summary • 115 Specification of Co
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Summary • 117 List of Symbols Sym
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Questions and Problems • 119 (a)
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Design Problems • 121 (a) at a ma
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WHY Study Diffusion? Materials of a
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5.2 Diffusion Mechanisms • 125 se
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5.3 Steady-State Diffusion • 127
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5.4 Nonsteady-State Diffusion • 1
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5.4 Nonsteady-State Diffusion • 1
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5.5 Factors That Influence Diffusio
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5.5 Factors That Influence Diffusio
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5.6 Diffusion in Semiconducting Mat
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is only an approximation), then the
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5.6 Diffusion in Semiconducting Mat
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Summary • 143 Diffusion in Semico
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Questions and Problems • 145 QUES
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Diffusion coefficient (m 2 /s) 10 -
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Design Problems • 149 the process
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WHY STUDY The Mechanical Properties
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6.2 Concepts of Stress and Strain
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6.2 Concepts of Stress and Strain
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6.3 Stress-Strain Behavior • 157
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6.4 Anelasticity • 159 Figure 6.8
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6.5 Elastic Properties Of Materials
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6.6 Tensile Properties • 163 Figu
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6.6 Tensile Properties • 165 in F
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6.6 Tensile Properties • 167 Brit
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6.6 Tensile Properties • 169 y F
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6.7 True Stress and Strain • 171
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6.9 Compressive, Shear, and Torsion
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Table 6.5 Hardness-Testing Techniqu
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Brinell Hardness Tests 15 6.10 Hard
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6.10 Hardness • 179 are contained
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6.11 Variability Of Material Proper
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6.12 Design/Safety Factors • 183
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Summary • 185 • For an isotropi
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Summary • 187 6.15 s T F True st
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Questions and Problems • 189 a lo
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Questions and Problems • 191 tens
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Questions and Problems • 193 modu
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Design Problems • 195 (a) Determi
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Chapter 7 Dislocations and Strength
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Dislocations and Plastic Deformatio
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7.3 Characteristics of Dislocations
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7.4 Slip Systems • 203 D B A (a)
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7.5 Slip in Single Crystals • 205
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7.5 Slip in Single Crystals • 207
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7.6 Plastic Deformation of Polycrys
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7.7 Deformation by Twinning • 211
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7.9 Solid-Solution Strengthening
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7.10 Strain Hardening • 215 (a) (
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7.10 Strain Hardening • 217 600 2
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7.11 RECOVERY recovery 7.12 RECRYST
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7.12 Recrystallization • 221 (e)
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7.12 Recrystallization • 223 DESI
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Summary • 225 Figure 7.25 The log
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Summary • 227 Strain Hardening
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Questions and Problems • 229 Iron
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Questions and Problems • 231 and
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Design Problems • 233 Spreadsheet
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WHY STUDY Failure? The design of a
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8.3 Ductile Fracture • 237 Figure
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8.4 Brittle Fracture • 239 8.4 BR
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8.4 Brittle Fracture • 241 SEM Mi
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8.5 Principles of Fracture Mechanic
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8.6 Fracture Toughness Testing •
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8.6 Fracture Toughness Testing •
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8.7 Cyclic Stresses • 255 Most ce
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8.8 The S-N Curve • 257 fatigue l
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8.9 Crack Initiation and Propagatio
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8.9 Crack Initiation and Propagatio
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8.10 Factors that Affect Fatigue Li
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8.12 Generalized Creep Behavior •
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8.13 Stress and Temperature Effects
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8.15 Alloys For High-Temperature Us
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Summary • 271 Ductile Fracture
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Summary • 273 • The presence of
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fatigue limit fatigue strength frac
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Questions and Problems • 277 Cycl
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Design Problems • 279 8.31 A cyli
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Chapter 9 Phase Diagrams The graph
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Definitions and Basic Concepts 9.2
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9.5 PHASE EQUILIBRIA equilibrium fr
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phases is along curve aO—likewise
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9.8 Interpretation of Phase Diagram
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9.9 Development of Microstructure i
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9.10 Mechanical Properties of Isomo
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9.11 Binary Eutectic Systems • 29
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9.12 Development of Microstructure
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9.13 Equilibrium Diagrams Having In
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9.14 Eutectoid and Peritectic React
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9.15 Congruent Phase Transformation
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9.17 The Gibbs Phase Rule • 317 F
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The Iron-Carbon System 9.18 The Iro
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9.18 The Iron-Iron Carbide (Fe-Fe 3
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Summary • 331 SUMMARY Introductio
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Summary • 333 Development of Micr
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Questions and Problems • 335 Impo
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Questions and Problems • 337 (b)
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Questions and Problems • 339 Figu
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WHY STUDY Phase Transformations? Th
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10.3 The Kinetics of Phase Transfor
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10.4 Metastable versus Equilibrium
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10.5 Isothermal Transformation Diag
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10.6 Continuous Cooling Transformat
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10.6 Continuous Cooling Transformat
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10.7 Mechanical Behavior of Iron-Ca
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10.7 Mechanical Behavior of Iron-Ca
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10.8 TEMPERED MARTENSITE In the as-
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10.8 Tempered Martensite • 377 (b
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10.9 Review of Phase Transformation
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Summary • 381 Figure 10.37. Of co
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Summary • 383 Spheroidite—is co
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Questions and Problems • 385 Stee
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Questions and Problems • 389 (c)
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Chapter 11 Applications and Process
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11.2 Ferrous Alloys • 393 Types o
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11.2 Ferrous Alloys • 395 Table 1
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11.2 Ferrous Alloys • 397 Table 1
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11.2 Ferrous Alloys • 399 is exte
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11.2 Ferrous Alloys • 401 (c) 20
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Table 11.5 Designations, Minimum Me
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11.2 Ferrous Alloys • 405 is pres
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11.3 Nonferrous Alloys • 407 Tabl
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Table 11.9 Compositions, Mechanical
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11.3 Nonferrous Alloys • 415 or n
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11.4 Forming Operations • 417 Met
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11.5 Casting • 419 that have rath
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11.6 Miscellaneous Techniques • 4
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11.7 Annealing Processes • 423 ox
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modification of mechanical properti
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11.8 Heat Treatment of Steels • 4
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11.9 Precipitation Hardening • 43
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Summary • 443 Forming Operations
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Summary • 445 PROCESSING Recrysta
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Questions and Problems • 447 REFE
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Design Problems • 449 and temperi
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Chapter 12 Structures and Propertie
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12.2 Crystal Structures • 453 Con
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12.2 Crystal Structures • 455 Tab
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12.2 Crystal Structures • 457 Fur
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12.2 Crystal Structures • 459 VMS
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12.2 Crystal Structures • 461 Tet
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12.2 Crystal Structures • 463 EXA
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12.3 Silicate Ceramics • 465 Si 4
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12.3 Silicate Ceramics • 467 Figu
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12.4 Carbon • 469 Figure 12.16 Sc
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Another molecular form of carbon ha
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12.5 Imperfections in Ceramics •
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12.5 Imperfections in Ceramics •
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12.7 Ceramic Phase Diagrams • 477
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12.7 Ceramic Phase Diagrams • 479
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12.8 Brittle Fracture of Ceramics
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12.8 Brittle Fracture of Ceramics
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flexural strength Flexural strength
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12.10 Mechanisms of Plastic Deforma
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viscosities at ambient temperatures
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Summary • 491 Table 12.6 Vickers
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Summary • 493 • Diagrams for Al
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Questions and Problems • 495 visc
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Questions and Problems • 497 does
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Questions and Problems • 499 Stre
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Chapter 13 Applications and Process
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13.3 Glass-Ceramics • 503 Ceramic
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13.5 Refractories • 505 Glass-cer
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13.6 Abrasives • 507 (2910F). Thu
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13.8 Advanced Ceramics • 509 Seve
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13.8 Advanced Ceramics • 511 opti
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13.9 Fabrication and Processing of
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13.9 Fabrication and Processing of
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Page 551 and 552: 13.11 Powder Pressing • 523 a sca
Page 553 and 554: 13.12 Tape Casting • 525 Figure 1
Page 555 and 556: Summary • 527 • Requirements fo
Page 557 and 558: Summary • 529 This chapter also d
Page 559 and 560: 13.12 Compare the softening points
Page 561 and 562: WHY STUDY Polymer Structures? A rel
Page 563 and 564: 14.3 Polymer Molecules • 535 Tabl
Page 565 and 566: 14.4 The Chemistry of Polymer Molec
Page 567 and 568: 14.4 The Chemistry of Polymer Molec
Page 569 and 570: Figure 14.3 Hypothetical polymer mo
Page 571 and 572: 14.5 Molecular Weight • 543 Table
Page 573 and 574: 14.7 Molecular Structure • 545 Fi
Page 575 and 576: 14.8 Molecular Configurations • 5
Page 577 and 578: 14.8 Molecular Configurations • 5
Page 579 and 580: 14.10 Copolymers • 551 adjacent c
Page 581 and 582: 14.11 Polymer Crystallinity • 553
Page 583 and 584: For copolymers, as a general rule,
Page 585 and 586: 14.12 Polymer Crystals • 557 ~ 10
Page 587 and 588: 14.14 Diffusion in Polymeric Materi
Page 589 and 590: Summary • 561 PET is permeable to
Page 591 and 592: Equation Summary Summary • 563 Po
Page 593 and 594: Important Terms and Concepts Questi
Page 595: Questions and Problems • 567 age
Page 599 and 600: 15.2 Stress-Strain Behavior • 571
Page 601 and 602: 15.3 Macroscopic Deformation • 57
Page 603 and 604: 15.4 Viscoelastic Deformation • 5
Page 605 and 606: 15.4 Viscoelastic Deformation • 5
Page 607 and 608: 15.5 Fracture of Polymers • 579 F
Page 609 and 610: 15.7 Deformation of Semicrystalline
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Page 613 and 614: 15.8 Factors That Influence the Mec
Page 615 and 616: 15.8 Factors That Influence the Mec
Page 617 and 618: 15.9 Deformation of Elastomers •
Page 619 and 620: 15.10 Crystallization • 591 Norma
Page 621 and 622: 15.13 Melting and Glass Transition
Page 623 and 624: 15.14 Factors That Influence Meltin
Page 625 and 626: 15.15 Plastics • 597 Table 15.3 (
Page 627 and 628: 15.16 Elastomers • 599 ing phenol
Page 629 and 630: 15.18 Miscellaneous Applications
Page 631 and 632: 15.19 Advanced Polymeric Materials
Page 633 and 634: 15.19 Advanced Polymeric Materials
Page 635 and 636: The tensile modulus of this TPE mat
Page 637 and 638: 15.20 Polymerization • 609 Additi
Page 639 and 640: 15.22 Forming Techniques for Plasti
Page 641 and 642: 15.22 Forming Techniques for Plasti
Page 643 and 644: 15.24 Fabrication of Fibers and Fil
Page 645 and 646: Factors That Influence the Mechanic
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Summary • 619 Equation Summary Eq
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Questions and Problems • 621 McCr
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Questions and Problems • 623 Tens
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Design Questions • 625 Elastomers
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3.1 Hardness • 627 WHY STUDY Comp
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16.1 Introduction • 629 Dispersed
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16.2 Large-Particle Composites •
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16.2 Large-Particle Composites •
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Critical fiber length—dependence
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16.5 Influence of Fiber Orientation
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ut, because s/E, 16.5 Influence o
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16.6 The Fiber Phase • 645 Applic
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eactions with the environment. Such
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16.8 Polymer-Matrix Composites •
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16.8 Polymer-Matrix Composites •
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16.9 Metal-Matrix Composites • 65
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The high-temperature creep and rupt
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16.12 HYBRID COMPOSITES hybrid comp
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16.13 Processing of Fiber-Reinforce
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16.15 Sandwich Panels • 661 Figur
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Summary • 663 they remain separat
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Summary • 665 When l l c , Equat
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References • 667 List of Symbols
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Design Problems • 671 to be align
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Chapter 17 Corrosion and Degradatio
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Corrosion of Metals 17.2 Electroche
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17.2 Electrochemical Considerations
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17.4 Prediction of Corrosion Rates
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17.5 Passivity • 691 to further c
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17.7 Forms of Corrosion • 693 sur
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17.7 Forms of Corrosion • 695 Fig
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sodium chloride. Dilute sulfuric ac
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17.10 Oxidation • 703 Zinc coatin
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17.10 Oxidation • 705 Table 17.3
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Ceramic materials are frequently us
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17.12 Bond Rupture • 709 17.12 BO
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Summary • 711 marily a result of
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Summary • 713 Corrosion Preventio
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Questions and Problems • 715 REFE
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Chapter 18 Electrical Properties (b
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18.3 Electrical Conductivity • 72
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18.5 Energy Band Structures in Soli
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valence band conduction band energy
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covalent) and relatively weak, whic
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18.8 Electrical Resistivity of Meta
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18.9 Electrical Characteristics of
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18.10 Intrinsic Semiconduction •
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18.10 Intrinsic Semiconduction •
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18.11 Extrinsic Semiconduction •
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18.11 Extrinsic Semiconduction •
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18.12 The Temperature Dependence of
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18.13 Factors That Affect Carrier M
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DESIGN EXAMPLE 18.1 Acceptor Impuri
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18.14 The Hall Effect • 747 Depen
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18.15 Semiconductor Devices • 749
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18.16 Conduction in Ionic Materials
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ands that overlap the valence and c
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18.19 Field Vectors and Polarizatio
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18.19 Field Vectors and Polarizatio
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ionic polarization Electric dipole
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18.23 Dielectric Materials • 765
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Summary • 767 + + + + + + + + +
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Summary • 769 • With these mate
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Summary • 771 18.11 r i Ac i 11
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Summary • 773 One common use for
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Questions and Problems • 775 Elec
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Questions and Problems • 777 The
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Design Problems • 779 DESIGN PROB
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Chapter 19 Thermal Properties (a) (
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19.2 Heat Capacity • 783 Figure 1
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19.3 Thermal Expansion • 785 Tabl
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19.3 Thermal Expansion • 787 For
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19.4 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY Thermal c
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19.4 Thermal Conductivity • 791 F
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19.5 Thermal Stresses • 793 speci
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Summary • 795 • Coefficient-of-
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Design Problems • 799 rod be fabr
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WHY STUDY the Magnetic Properties o
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20.2 Basic Concepts • 803 I B 0 =
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20.3 Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism
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20.4 Ferromagnetism • 807 Table 2
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20.5 Antiferromagnetism and Ferrima
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20.5 Antiferromagnetism and Ferrima
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20.6 The Influence of Temperature o
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20.7 Domains and Hysteresis • 815
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20.7 Domains and Hysteresis • 817
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20.9 Soft Magnetic Materials • 81
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20.9 Soft Magnetic Materials • 82
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20.10 Hard Magnetic Materials • 8
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20.11 Magnetic Storage • 825 requ
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20.11 Magnetic Storage • 827 Figu
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20.12 Superconductivity • 829 Ele
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20.12 Superconductivity • 831 Tab
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Summary • 833 • For cubic ferri
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Questions and Problems • 835 List
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Questions and Problems • 837 with
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Design Problems • 839 H C 1T 2 H
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WHY STUDY the Optical Properties of
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21.3 Light Interactions with Solids
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21.4 Atomic and Electronic Interact
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21.5 Refraction • 847 Velocity of
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21.7 ABSORPTION Nonmetallic materia
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21.7 Absorption • 851 Reaction de
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21.9 Color • 853 21.9 COLOR color
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21.11 Luminescence • 855 Figure 2
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21.11 Luminescence • 857 n- and p
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21.13 Lasers • 859 Ruby Flash lam
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21.13 Lasers • 861 Partially refl
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21.4 Optical Fibers in Communicatio
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Summary • 865 Input impulse Outpu
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Summary • 867 Transparent nonmeta
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Questions and Problems • 869 Impo
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Design Problem • 871 fiber glass
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WHY STUDY Economic, Environmental,
Page 903 and 904:
Environmental and Societal Consider
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Environmental and Societal Consider
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22.5 Recycling Issues in Materials
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Page 911 and 912:
Page 913:
Design Questions • 885 Environmen
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A2 • Appendix A / The Internation
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A4 • Appendix B / Properties of S
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Page 922 and 923:
Page 924 and 925:
A10 • Appendix B / Properties of
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Page 932 and 933:
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Page 946 and 947:
A32 • Appendix C / Costs and Rela
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A34 • Appendix C / Costs and Rela
Page 950 and 951:
Appendix D Repeat Unit Structures f
Page 952 and 953:
A38 • Appendix D / Repeat Unit St
Page 954 and 955:
Appendix E Glass Transition and Mel
Page 956 and 957:
G2 • Glossary atomic mass units (
Page 958 and 959:
G4 • Glossary according to unit c
Page 960 and 961:
G6 • Glossary Fick’s first law.
Page 962 and 963:
G8 • Glossary J Jominy end-quench
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G10 • Glossary alternating layers
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G12 • Glossary stock; also, elong
Page 968 and 969:
G14 • Glossary tempered martensit
Page 970 and 971:
Answers to Selected Problems Chapte
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S2 • Answers to Selected Problems
Page 974:
S4 • Answers to Selected Problems
Page 977 and 978:
plane strain fracture toughness, 24
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Clay, characteristics, 518-519 Clay
Page 981 and 982:
Die casting, 419 Dielectric breakdo
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Fatigue life, 258, G4 factors that
Page 985 and 986:
Heat treatable, definition of, 406
Page 987 and 988:
modulus of elasticity, 486 thermal
Page 989 and 990:
Nanotubes, carbon, 13, 471 Natural
Page 991 and 992:
fatigue behavior (PET), 580 magneti
Page 993 and 994:
single crystal, 451 structure of, 4
Page 995 and 996:
Stabilized zirconia, 478, 655 Stabi
Page 997 and 998:
Transparency, 844, G13 Transverse b
Page 999 and 1000:
Power 1 W 0.239 cal/s 1 cal/s 4.1
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Callister - An introduction - 8th edition

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