KVPT’s Patan Darbar Earthquake Response Campaign - Work to Date - September 2016

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North Manimaṇḍapa The existing damaged capital (meth) during fabrication and joining of a new piece in preparation for carving. July 10, 2016 332
A Brief History of the Emergence and Development of the Kirtimukha Motif in Nepal By Niels Gutschow Overview — levels of symbolism Kirtimukha is essentially a lion’s face, albeit as a hybrid representation, with horns and, eventually, with winged arms. The lion has been, from earliest times, a symbol of royalty and as such made its way from the Etruscan culture to be absorbed by the Greeks, the Romans, and the Sassanians, and may have parallel roots in Central Asia and among the Scythian tribes. This is not the place to trace origins of the lion in South Asian Art. The lion appears in pairs in the 2nd to 1st-century BCE caves of Pithalkora. Reduced to its face Kirtimukha is seen neither at Pithalkora or at Kanheri, but appears in wide variety at the late 5th century caves of Ajanta (fig. 2) and at Ellora, at 6th century caves of Badami, at 7th century temples of Bhubaneswar and at 8th-century temples of Pattadakal and Aihole, India. Given this sequence, the earliest representations of Kirtimukha must have come from the cave temples of western India. In all examples “kirttimukha masks [are] spouting forth crocodilian and exuberantly florescent forms”, as Walter M. Spink wrote in his seminal account of the Ajanta caves in 2009. “Florescent” refers to “flowering and budding”, although the “mask” spouts forth strands of beads, which are either absorbed by pairs of Makaras, held by flying spirits (vidyadhara) in the fashion of garlands, or in case of a frieze, by the neighbouring masks. Spouting and absorbing has to be understood as the act of inhaling and exhaling as the ultimate representation of life. The beads, however, have to be identified as water drops, as Gautam Vajra Vajracharya established in the first meaningful article on the subject in 2015. Kirtimukha thus turns into one of those cloud borne celestial creatures such as Makara (the crocodilian amphibian creature), the birdmen Gandharva or Kinnara. Bestowing water, the face or mask of Kirtimukha turns into a motif that spreads across various architectural elements: it occupies the bottom or top of a column or pillar, the capital bracket, and the top of cow-eye motifs. 1 The earliest known Kirtimukha appear on the corner pillar of an open miniature shrine, on friezes of a Shikhara temple within the inner compound of the Pashupatinath temple (fig. 1) and on the corner pillars of a former miniature shrine at Panauti – all of them dedicated to Shiva, dated to the 6th or 7th centuries. The head has ears, whiskers, traces of the mane framing the cheeks, but no horns. The mouth spouts forth strands of beads or simply or simply seven to ten parallel strands without any indication of beads. 2 At about the same time Kirtimukha came to crown the niches of Buddhist votive structures, caityas. There, Kirtimukha spouts forth strands of beads or snake bodies which often serve as the niche’s frame. The strands end up in the mouth or tail of a Makara, the tail of a lion, or simply in profuse foliage. On Licchavicaityas, Kirtimukha is rarely horned but crowned by an elongated crescent and the cheeks tend to dissolve into foliage. Teeth are rarely seen and occasionally the mouth is 1 Pashupatinatha, Kirtimukha on a string course of a Licchavi-era Shikhara temple in miniature form, ca. 6th–7th centiury. 2 Ajanta, Kirtimukha on a column of the porch of cave 1, dated 469–473 CE 333
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Nepal Patan Darbar Earthquake Respo
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In acknowledgment of the sincere ef
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Plan of Patan Darbar (Royal Palace
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Map of Patan- World Heritage Site s
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Patan Darbar Earthquake Response Ca
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Preservation Trust moved rapidly to
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order to help the many local and in
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tural and climatic considerations b
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This overview of Campaign Project b
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Recapturing Lost Elements — Thoug
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notably the weathering that causes
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The debate has been presented here
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In the summer, more than 20,000 tou
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of the iconic monuments of the coun
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in very exceptional cases. Empty ni
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ological Survey of India to restore
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at present, the replacement of tile
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Department of Archaeology were not
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on caste membership, he is born a c
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Such a process of repair, replaceme
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of the old bricks, new bricks will
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Bibliography (publications cited in
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Typical Seismic Issues in Newar Arc
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Seismic Issues Manual - in Developm
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2. Timber Column Base Connections D
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4. Wood Rot and Rising Damp Descrip
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6. Wall Plate Detailing Description
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ening, Programme Director Ranjitkar
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Manimandapa south The rotten base b
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A "Recipe for Restoration," publish
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Patukva Agam Structural improvement
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The Kathmandu Darbar Initiative (19
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Mahavishnu Temple As another compon
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Part III Current Model Projects aft
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ument. (See the July 2016 draft of
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established that the building is on
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Opposite page Manimandapa analysis-
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Alternatively, life safety performa
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Plan drawing of Manimandapas showin
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Manimandpa Base isolation detail sh
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Near right Manimandapa Concept show
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The main goals of this solution are
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cyclical monsoon rains, would be ex
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kicked out at the same time, and th
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Cārnārāyaṇa Temple Northern el
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Cārnārāyaṇa Temple Plan scale
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Cārnārāyaṇa Temple Tripartite
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Cārnārāyaṇa Temple. Tripartite
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Char Narayana Temple after earthqua
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Opposite Char Narayana Temple Detai
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The four-stepped cornice is heavily
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Char Narayana Temple Tympanum (tora
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Char Narayana Temple Inspection of
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Left Char Narayana Temple East elev
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Chār Nārāyaṇa Temple: Structur
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Top Cārnārāyaṇa Temple Souther
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Char Narayana Temple Repair / resto
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Char Narayana Temple Southern porta
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Char Narayan Temple The broken part
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Harishankara Temple (Hariśaṅkara
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Harishankara Temple Niels Gutschow
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wall brackets feature seven male fi
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mensions and techniques in order to
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Harishankara Temple Section drawing
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Harishankara Temple A hybrid deity,
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Harishankara Temple The Eight Mothe
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Harishankara Temple Carpenters from
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Opposite Some 300 (of the original
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Harishankara Temple Details of the
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Ground floor The pillars Two of the
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Other For the three eaves, 292 eave
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Harishankara Temple Replication of
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Top Left Cleaning the secondary jam
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Top Left Repair of the cornice abov
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Top Left Replication of two pillars
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Top Left Repair of the stepped oute
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Harishankara Temple Repairing the b
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Top The surviving secondary jamb of
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Top Replacement of the circular mid
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Top Eastern doorway, details of the
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Indra Kaji Shilpakar from Bhaktapur
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The west-north block (bhailakva) ab
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The complete Harishankara pinnacle,
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The deformations on the ring of ām
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Harishankara Temple Salvaged Archit
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Four of the 20 tympana (toraṇa) a
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Four of the 20 tympana (toraṇa) a
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The four corner tympana above the a
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Sixteen medallions featuring the kn
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Four of the eight struts supporting
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Four of sixteen struts of the middl
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Four of sixteen struts of the middl
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Harishankara Temple Twenty-four str
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Harishankara Temple Four of twenty-
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Harishankara Temple First level abo
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Harishankara Temple Second level ab
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Harishankara Temple Top right Prepa
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Harishankara Temple Reconstruction
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232 Bibliography Leiner 2010: Leine
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Vishveshvara Temple East side, dama
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Vishveshvara Temple West side, dama
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Vishveshvara Temple Tympana (torana
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Vishveshvara Temple - structural re
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“Vishveshvara Temple - structural
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Vishveshvara Temple Shoring concept
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Vishveshvara Temple Shoring concept
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Vishveshvara Temple The replacement
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Patan Darbār Square, looking east
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South Manimaṇḍapa, east (back)
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Top Left Back (east) sides of North
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Clockwise From Above Bijay Basukala
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Tirtha Ram Shilpakar replicating a
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Left Machaman Shilpakar, restoring
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Shyam Krishna Shilpakar saws the te
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South Manimaṇḍapa South elevati
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South Manimaṇḍapa reconstructio
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Top left Original base of a column
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Bhaktapur, Indra Kaji Shilpakar’s
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Page 294 and 295: Patan, 15 April 2016 Carved beam en
Page 296 and 297: South Manimaṇḍapa Shaft detail
Page 298 and 299: Column Comparison From left to righ
Page 300 and 301: Top Left Pushpa Raj Shilpakar carve
Page 302 and 303: Top South Manimaṇḍapa Reinforce
Page 304 and 305: Patan, 31 March 2016 Inventory of t
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Page 308 and 309: Top South Manimaṇḍapa At ground
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Page 320 and 321: North Manimaṇḍapa North east co
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Page 324 and 325: North Manimaṇḍapa Elevations of
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Page 357 and 358: Sundari Cok Sundari Cok East Wing (
Page 359 and 360: Sundari Cok East Wing By Niels Guts
Page 361 and 362: Sundari Cok Ground floor and first
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Page 367 and 368: Sundari Cok The brickwork of the ea
Page 369 and 370: Sundari Cok The east wing’s court
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Page 373 and 374: Sundari Cok The ground floor of the
Page 375 and 376: Sundari Cok The cornice of the proj
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Top left Mul Chowk west facade with
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Taleju Agam North Projects by the T
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Opposite The third level gallery in
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Top Taleju Agam North/Mul Cok North
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Top Thumbnail of the full Taleju No
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Right Detail of the displaced top r
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Top Elements of the dismantled dome
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Above Workers carefully clean the u
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Top Left Planking, marine grade ply
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Taleju Agam South (Mul Cok, Patan R
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Taleju Agam South Pre-earthquake pr
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Left and Right Taleju Agam South ro
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Top Left and Right Existing poor co
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Historic gilded copper sheet is lai
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Top Left and Right Deteriorated wat
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Top Left The top tier roof of South
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The South Taleju tower after comple
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Lion Pillar of Bhimsen Temple (Sing
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Lion Pillar of Bhimsen Temple (Sing
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Lion Pillar of Bhimsen Temple The r
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Appendices Introduction Notes on Po
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Appendix I (Rohit Ranjitkar)
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After the massive April 25 earthqua
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Part 1: General Provisions 5. Autho
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19. Traditional Practices and Comme
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the activities prescribed by the re
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(b) The objects displaced from thei
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Kathmandu Valley Preservation Trust
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KVPT’s Patan Darbar Earthquake Response Campaign - Work to Date - September 2016

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