KVPT’s Patan Darbar Earthquake Response Campaign - Work to Date - September 2016

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Plan drawing of Manimandapas showing the proximity to the adjacent Manga Hiti public well. The north end of the South Manimandapa is highlighted, showing how it is bearing directly onto the wall of the well’s staircase. This is one of several unique boundary conditions to consider in this project. Base drawing from Becker-Ritterspach, 1994 Reinforced concrete is the main example of a highly homogeneous material, and that is one of the major factors resulting in its widespread use as the main foundation material in new structures and for rebuilding of historic structures. The application of a poured liquid medium that assumes its final shape and cures into a solid mass, when properly proportioned and mixed, can provide an extremely homogeneous mix of strong foundation material. Foundation development at South Manimandapa Foundation development took the forefront in the discussions for this project, more so than usual, because approval was needed before construction could begin, and this proved to be difficult to obtain. Schedules and funding deadlines, largely based on assumptions that the project should be straightforward due to the size of the structure, quickly began to fall behind due to development of several iterations of foundation options in search for a responsible solution that would be acceptable to the Deparment of Archaeology. Up to this point, the foundations have proven to be the most involved aspect of design and discussion for the structure. This was somewhat surprising as this structure is one of the smallest in Patan Darbar. The main technical boundary conditions on foundation design includes the limited footprint around the site due to the adjacent public well, limited materials and construction techniques available in Nepal, and the limited depth allowed for foundations due to the presence of water supply pipes running to the adjacent well. The main concept behind the foundations is that we need to tie together the building elements, such as base stones that were not properly tied back to the plinth structure. In addition to the typical idea of having a small concrete ring beam behind the base stones to allow for anchoring the base stones back to continuous structure (via stainless steel dowels), multiple concepts were developed for the foundations during the design process. One early concept was to implement a steel grillage beam foundation. Grillage foundations are steel wide flange sections assembled in grids and embedded into the ground. These are used in areas of weak soils and also to utilize a building’s self weight to combat the overturning forces of top-heavy structures such as the Manimandapa. This system would be best utilized if the structural system above included a stiff central core, as central steel columns could be run directly down to the grillage beams and provide a solid load path. Features of this solution include that it avoids extensive use of reinforced concrete, can be assembled and constructed more quickly, can provide substantial lever arm to combat overturning lateral forces, and if stainless steel beams are encased in concrete or cementitious mortar, the lifespan can be much higher than other foundation types. To obtain the proper counterbalance force against overturning in the case of the Manimandapas, however, the grillage beams need to be at least 4 feet below grade. This pre- 88
Manimandapa Axonometric and elevation views showing the grillage beam concept with the plinth ghosted in for reference. Grillage foundations involve a grid of steel beams buried deep underneath the plinth and rely on the weight of foundations and soils above, including the brick masonry of the plinth, to counteract the overturning forces of the upper structure moving in an earthquake. Sketch by Evan Speer 89
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Nepal Patan Darbar Earthquake Respo
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In acknowledgment of the sincere ef
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Plan of Patan Darbar (Royal Palace
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Map of Patan- World Heritage Site s
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Patan Darbar Earthquake Response Ca
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Preservation Trust moved rapidly to
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order to help the many local and in
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tural and climatic considerations b
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This overview of Campaign Project b
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Recapturing Lost Elements — Thoug
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notably the weathering that causes
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The debate has been presented here
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In the summer, more than 20,000 tou
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of the iconic monuments of the coun
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Page 53 and 54: Bibliography (publications cited in
Page 55 and 56: Typical Seismic Issues in Newar Arc
Page 57 and 58: Seismic Issues Manual - in Developm
Page 59 and 60: 2. Timber Column Base Connections D
Page 61 and 62: 4. Wood Rot and Rising Damp Descrip
Page 63: 6. Wall Plate Detailing Description
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Page 68 and 69: ening, Programme Director Ranjitkar
Page 70 and 71: Manimandapa south The rotten base b
Page 72 and 73: A "Recipe for Restoration," publish
Page 74 and 75: Patukva Agam Structural improvement
Page 76 and 77: The Kathmandu Darbar Initiative (19
Page 78 and 79: Mahavishnu Temple As another compon
Page 80 and 81: Part III Current Model Projects aft
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Page 86 and 87: Opposite page Manimandapa analysis-
Page 88 and 89: Alternatively, life safety performa
Page 92 and 93: Manimandpa Base isolation detail sh
Page 94 and 95: Near right Manimandapa Concept show
Page 96 and 97: The main goals of this solution are
Page 98 and 99: cyclical monsoon rains, would be ex
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Page 104 and 105: Cārnārāyaṇa Temple Northern el
Page 106 and 107: Cārnārāyaṇa Temple Plan scale
Page 108 and 109: Cārnārāyaṇa Temple Tripartite
Page 112 and 113: Cārnārāyaṇa Temple. Tripartite
Page 116 and 117: Char Narayana Temple after earthqua
Page 118 and 119: Opposite Char Narayana Temple Detai
Page 120 and 121: The four-stepped cornice is heavily
Page 122 and 123: Char Narayana Temple Tympanum (tora
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Page 126 and 127: Char Narayana Temple Inspection of
Page 128 and 129: Left Char Narayana Temple East elev
Page 130 and 131: Chār Nārāyaṇa Temple: Structur
Page 132 and 133: Top Cārnārāyaṇa Temple Souther
Page 134 and 135: Char Narayana Temple Repair / resto
Page 136 and 137: Char Narayana Temple Southern porta
Page 138 and 139: Char Narayan Temple The broken part
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Harishankara Temple (Hariśaṅkara
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Harishankara Temple Niels Gutschow
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wall brackets feature seven male fi
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mensions and techniques in order to
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Harishankara Temple Section drawing
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Harishankara Temple A hybrid deity,
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Harishankara Temple The Eight Mothe
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Harishankara Temple Carpenters from
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Opposite Some 300 (of the original
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Harishankara Temple Details of the
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Ground floor The pillars Two of the
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Other For the three eaves, 292 eave
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Harishankara Temple Replication of
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Top Left Cleaning the secondary jam
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Top Left Repair of the cornice abov
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Top Left Replication of two pillars
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Top Left Repair of the stepped oute
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Harishankara Temple Repairing the b
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Top The surviving secondary jamb of
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Top Replacement of the circular mid
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Top Eastern doorway, details of the
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Indra Kaji Shilpakar from Bhaktapur
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The west-north block (bhailakva) ab
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The complete Harishankara pinnacle,
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The deformations on the ring of ām
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Harishankara Temple Salvaged Archit
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Four of the 20 tympana (toraṇa) a
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Four of the 20 tympana (toraṇa) a
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The four corner tympana above the a
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Sixteen medallions featuring the kn
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Four of the eight struts supporting
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Four of sixteen struts of the middl
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Four of sixteen struts of the middl
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Harishankara Temple Twenty-four str
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Harishankara Temple Four of twenty-
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Harishankara Temple First level abo
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Harishankara Temple Second level ab
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Harishankara Temple Top right Prepa
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Harishankara Temple Reconstruction
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232 Bibliography Leiner 2010: Leine
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Vishveshvara Temple East side, dama
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Vishveshvara Temple West side, dama
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Vishveshvara Temple Tympana (torana
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Vishveshvara Temple - structural re
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“Vishveshvara Temple - structural
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Vishveshvara Temple Shoring concept
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Vishveshvara Temple Shoring concept
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Vishveshvara Temple The replacement
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Patan Darbār Square, looking east
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South Manimaṇḍapa, east (back)
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Top Left Back (east) sides of North
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Clockwise From Above Bijay Basukala
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Tirtha Ram Shilpakar replicating a
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Left Machaman Shilpakar, restoring
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Shyam Krishna Shilpakar saws the te
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South Manimaṇḍapa South elevati
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South Manimaṇḍapa reconstructio
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Top left Original base of a column
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Bhaktapur, Indra Kaji Shilpakar’s
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Left Patan, 28. March 2016 Pushpa R
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Left Bal Krishna Shilpakar and Tirt
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Left Side I of the four-sided colum
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Left Side III of the four-sided col
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Top and Bottom Left Patan, 20 March
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Patan, 15 April 2016 Carved beam en
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South Manimaṇḍapa Shaft detail
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Column Comparison From left to righ
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Top Left Pushpa Raj Shilpakar carve
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Top South Manimaṇḍapa Reinforce
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Patan, 31 March 2016 Inventory of t
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Opposite Inventory of the surviving
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Top South Manimaṇḍapa At ground
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Top South Manimaṇḍapa Detailed
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Left South Manimaṇḍapa Document
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South Manimaṇḍapa Bal Krishna S
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South Manimaṇḍapa A metal fence
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North Manimaṇḍapa North east co
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North Manimaṇḍapa Elevations of
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North Manimaṇḍapa Field measure
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North Manimaṇḍapa Woodcarver ad
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North Manimaṇḍapa The damaged p
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Top North Manimaṇḍapa Woodcarve
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North Manimaṇḍapa The existing
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3 Panauti, Kirtimukha on the styliz
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7 and 8 South Mandapa Metha nos. 1,
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15 Stylized double roof moulding at
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Krishna Temple, 1637 (Kṛṣṇa M
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Investigation and Research of Krish
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5 Krishna Temple Ground floor plan
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an earthquake. It is only these fou
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Right 16 Damaged stone carving 17 D
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26 Stone type no. 1: Probably basal
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Krsna templa, restoration project.
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Sundari Cok Sundari Cok East Wing (
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Sundari Cok East Wing By Niels Guts
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Sundari Cok Ground floor and first
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Sundari Cok Design for the east win
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Sundari Cok The central window of t
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Sundari Cok The brickwork of the ea
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Sundari Cok The east wing’s court
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Sundari Cok Courtyard, view towards
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Sundari Cok The ground floor of the
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Sundari Cok The cornice of the proj
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Sundari Cok East facade of the cour
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Sundari Cok East wing, the ridge be
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Sundari Cok East wing, courtyard fa
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Top left Mul Chowk west facade with
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Taleju Agam North Projects by the T
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Opposite The third level gallery in
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Top Taleju Agam North/Mul Cok North
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Top Thumbnail of the full Taleju No
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Right Detail of the displaced top r
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Top Elements of the dismantled dome
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Above Workers carefully clean the u
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Top Left Planking, marine grade ply
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Taleju Agam South (Mul Cok, Patan R
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Taleju Agam South Pre-earthquake pr
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Left and Right Taleju Agam South ro
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Top Left and Right Existing poor co
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Historic gilded copper sheet is lai
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Top Left and Right Deteriorated wat
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Top Left The top tier roof of South
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The South Taleju tower after comple
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Lion Pillar of Bhimsen Temple (Sing
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Lion Pillar of Bhimsen Temple (Sing
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Lion Pillar of Bhimsen Temple The r
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Appendices Introduction Notes on Po
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Appendix I (Rohit Ranjitkar)
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After the massive April 25 earthqua
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Part 1: General Provisions 5. Autho
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19. Traditional Practices and Comme
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the activities prescribed by the re
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(b) The objects displaced from thei
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Kathmandu Valley Preservation Trust
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KVPT’s Patan Darbar Earthquake Response Campaign - Work to Date - September 2016

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