THE SOVIET HISTORIOGRAPHY AND THE QUESTION OF KAZAKHSTAN’S HISTORY

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THE SOVIET HISTORIOGRAPHY AND
lineage. In the middle of 19 th century, just 11 of district sultans were
from aksüyek 192 , the number of the people who were administered as
sultan from karalar 193 was 62. 194 This altered the social stratum of the
Kazakh community. Taking courage from the reforms in Middle Jüz,
Czarist Russia started to do the same in Little Jüz.
In 1822 Orınbor State Governor P. K. Essen prepared the “Charter
for Orınbor Kyrgyz” and proposed to the government; the proposal
was approved by Czar Alexander in 1824. Meanwhile Khan of Little Jüz
Sherghazy Khan was called to Orınbor, put on the payroll for life and
this led him to abandon his Khanate. At the same time there was a
second independent Bökey Khanate in the Little Jüz. This dual government
was organized according to the aims of Russia. As V. F. Şahmatov
ascertained correctly, the presence of two Khanates in Little Jüz Kazakhs
since 1812 meant the implementation of O.A. Igelstrom’s proposal about
the cleverness of weakening or the abolition of the Khanate system. 195
In 1845 after the death of Jangir, the last Khan of the Bökey or Inner
Orda, the Khanate system in Little Jüz was also abolished. The reforms
were implemented in the Little Jüz a little bit differently. If the sultans
in Middle Jüz were charged by election even if piously, the sultans in the
Little Jüz were appointed by state governor. The Little Jüz was divided
into three (West, East, and Central) exterior provinces and governance
was given to Sultan Pravitels. The military camp of Sultan Pravitels was
in a Cossack compound, and this enabled the Czarist government to
keep a close eye on them. Until 1831, the Little Jüz was divided into
two as borderland and steppe provinces. In 1831, ranges were settled
in the borderland provinces and the number of those ranges increased
to 54 in the 19 th century. The authorities of the ranges had to collect
house tax 196 from the community and report every kind of problem in
192 In Kazakh Language “aksüyek” (word to word translation: white bone) is a term used
for aristocracy in Kazakh society. Aksüyek class includes toere tribe coming from Genghis
Khan’s ancestry and Scholars coming from Prophet Muhammad. Kazakh Khans were just
chosen among the ones coming from Genghis’ ancestry. On the other hand, Scholars were
in clergy. Because aksüyek people were the educated class of the society, they were holding
the administration of the community and they had certain privileges. In the ancient times the
representatives of this class did not have marital relations with the other tribes of Kazakhs.
This situation changed after the inclusion of Kazakhstan into Czarist Russia.
193 Ordinary tribes that are out of Aksüyek class.
194 Kazakhstan Central Archive, font. 345,opis.1, d. 707.
195 Şahmatov, V. F. Vnutrennaya Orda i Vosstaniye İsataya Taymanova, Alma-ata. 1947, p. 4.
196 “Kibitoçnaya podat” (tent tax)in Russian language, this tax is the one taken by
Czarist Russia from the nomads of steppe provinces. The counting of the tents was
made in every three years. House tax was first taken from Kazakhs of Orınbor pro-