THE SOVIET HISTORIOGRAPHY AND THE QUESTION OF KAZAKHSTAN’S HISTORY

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184 THE SOVIET HISTORIOGRAPHY AND campaigns were God’s punishment because of all the sins committed by the Russian population. 334 According to Orthodox belief, God performs fear and punishment to purify humans from evil so that this punishment manifested itself as nothing but Golden Horde. In chronicles, Slovos (stories that based on lives of leading Russian men) and again in the life stories of clerics and priests, Golden Horde was described as a “barbaric” state, while its khans were called “undue, godless, filthy, and despicable”. 335 From this point in the history, Golden Horde was portrayed as a state that burned everything down and that caused Russian cities to worsen and negatively affected Russian handicrafts. The attitude towards Golden Horde during this period lasted in the era of Tsarist Russia. The Kazanskaya İstoriya (History of Kazan) 336 which is believed to be written between the years of 1564-1565, is a really good example in this context. The author of the work, who was a captive of the Kazan Khanate for 20 years, described Turkic clans as “godless, undue and filthy,” so as similar rhetoric and sentiments appeared in the chronicles written before this as well. The author intoned about the consequences of the dominance of Golden Horde over Russia as “At that time our mighty Russian lands were orphaned, impoverished, fame and honor were destroyed, but not till the eternity… From Batu Khan’s time to Ahmet Khan’s time, there was a bad, arrogant and barbaric dominance over the Russian lands… Golden Horde was a bad tree and river. And there was a new branch: Kazan. And it bore a bad fruit.” 337 The case that makes Kazanskaya İstoriya so important is that since he date it was written, historians convey the information in this source word by word. That is to say, the records in Kazanskaya İstoriya have İzvleçeniya iz Rukopisey XIII - XIV Vekov, İzdatelstvo Vostoçnoy Literaturı Moskva 1962, p. 44. For Turkish translation see Galstyan, A. G. Galstyan, Ermeni Kaynaklarına Göre Moğollar, (Trans. İ. Kamalov,) Yeditepe Yayınları, İstanbul 2005, p. 85 334 PSRL, II, Voskresenskaya Letopisy, podgotoviil k Izdaniyu A. İ. Tsepkov, Ryazan 1998, p. 177; PSRL, VII, Ermolinskaya Letopisy, podgotovil k Izdaniyu A. İ. Tsepkov, Ryazan 2000, p. 98. 335 For this subject see Kemaloğlu, İlyas, Rusların Gözüyle Türkler, İstanbul 2015. 336 For detailed information about Kazanskaya İstoriya see Moiseeva, G. N. “Kazanskaya İstoriya”, Kazanskaya İstoriya, podgotovka teksta, vstupitelnaya statya i primeçaniya G. N. Moiseevoy, pod redaktsiey V. P. Adrianovoy-Perets, İzdatelstvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moskva-Leningrad 1954, pp. 3-16; Acar, P., “XVI. Yüzyıl Türk-Tatar Tarihinin Mühim Bir Kaynağı: “Kazanskaya İstoriya””, Karadeniz Araştırmaları, No. 33, 2012, pp. 35-42; Caferov, T. XV-XVII. Yüzyıl Rus Edebiyatında Türkler, translation N. Abdullayev, Atatürk Kültür Merkezi Yayınları, Ankara 2010, pp. 23-46. 337 Kazanskaya İstoriya, podgotovka teksta, vstupitelnaya statya i primeçaniya G. N. Moiseevoy, pod redaktsiey V. P. Adrianovoy-Perets, İzdatelstvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moskva-Leningrad 1954, p. 45-53.
THE QUESTION OF KAZAKHSTAN’S HISTORY 185 taken fundamental place for Russian historians for almost four and a half centuries. N. Karamzin and S. Solovyov, who are two of the first Russian historians in the nineteenth century, included the writings of this author in their works without even analyzing it, promoting all other Russian historians to repeat their assessment without question. 338 Russian poets and literary types were impressed and influenced from these interpretations too. For example, the Russian poet Alexander Pushkin wrote that, Mongolians (Golden Horde) were “Arabs who have no Aristotle and algebra” and therefore they were deprived of giving a culture that could enrich the Russian lands. Pushkin stated that, “Golden Horde’s impression on Russia was on such a really low level that it cannot compare to the Arabs’ impression on the west.” 339 While the approach to Golden Horde and its history was maintained far into the time of Peter I, attempts were made to erase the traces of Golden Horde in Russia, to achieve some serious reforms, and to transform Russia into a “western” state. The USSR moved everything forward though. In 1944, during the Second World War, which was namely a life or death situation for Russians, and in which Russian lost millions of citizens, the USSR Communist Party forbade the research of Golden Hordes’ history completely. This prohibition was symbolically important because of the Edigey Legend, which was based on the conflict between Toktamis, the khan of Golden Horde, and Emir Timur. 340 This prohibition caused an interesting situation. The history books written during this prohibition ignored this two-hundred and fifty years of Golden Horde. Thus, Russian history books written in the time of USSR have the Tsarist Russia’s origins (Fifteenth century) beginning right after Kiev Russia’s collapse (Twelfth Century). In the earlier writings and Soviet history books, which were penned before this prohibition, Golden Horde was mentioned negatively and repeatedly as follows “Golden Horde, was far behind the west in the terms of its cultural development. Golden Horde’s dominance caused the Russian economy, agriculture, construction, and crafts to regress….” Besides, the exceptions such as Lev Nikolayevich Gumilyov and the Russian historians who fled abroad and founded the study of Eurasianism, Soviet historians always approached Golden Horde in 338 For the approach of Russian historians to general history of Golden Horde and Tatar, see P. H. Alişev, “İzvraşenie i Falsifikatsiya İstorii Tatar v Russkoy İstoriçeskoy Nauke”, Tatarskiy Narod Posle 1552 Goda: Poteri i Priobreteniya, Kazan 2003, pp. 235-240; Kamalov, İlyas, Altın Orda ve Rusya. Rusya Üzerindeki Türk-Tatar Etkisi, pp. 51-55. 339 d’Encausse, H. C. Tamamlanmamış Rusya, (Translation R. Uzmen), Ötüken Press, İstanbul 2003, p. 46-47. 340 Edigey Destanı, prepared by. R. Sultî, Türksoy Press, İstanbul (t).
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THE SOVIET HISTORIOGRAPHY AND THE QUESTION OF KAZAKHSTAN’S HISTORY

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