THE SOVIET HISTORIOGRAPHY AND THE QUESTION OF KAZAKHSTAN’S HISTORY

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120 THE SOVIET HISTORIOGRAPHY AND for independence, but the others recognized Russian domination.” After Kenesary proclaimed himself as Khan in 1841, he performed administrative, legal and military reforms to continue to strengthen the national struggle. First of all, he established an Advisory Board from his close fellow soldiers. The Khan was the person who resolved disputed and would make the final decision among the Board. Later on he established specific departments for tax collection, military issues, and diplomatic correspondence. For instance, in this new system, the taxmen who misappropriated collected taxes or who made mistakes were punished severely. These taxmen were collecting “zaqat” from all the nomad Kazakhs, and “uşur” tax from the farmers. Also, there were special officers, chosen among the clans and named as “jasaul”, to control whether the orders of Khan were carried out or not, and these officers were administered in tribes. The legal duty was performed by biys with the permission of Kenesary. Kenesary promoted the codetermination of people who had special characteristics, notwithstanding their social stratum. Kenesary encouraged the Kazakh people to be engaged in farming so they could produce bread for the fighters. The Czarist Russian government forbade the access of wheat to rebels and seized the production of bread; they were tightly controlling the caravans and severely punishing the tradesmen who were carrying bread for the rebels. Kenesary’s commercial policy of looting caravans at first had changed over time. The Khan, seeing that the caravans were bringing money constantly and appropriately, gave up looting them. In fact, in order to develop the caravan trade, Kenesary sometimes summoned the heads of the caravans to meet with him. Kenesary was supporting the idea of centralization of ruling in the Khanate he established. That was why he tried to prevent the clash of important and influential tribal leaders. He forbade looting and raiding. He punished the guilty ones who caused clash among tribes, because these clashes between Kazakhs just served Russian interests. Sultan-Pravitel Ahmet Janturin under the service of Czarist Russia informed in the reports he sent to the Russian government that some of Kazakh tribes were closer to Kenesary, that they made peace between themselves under his influence and that barımta stopped. 204 The sentence in the letter of President of Orınbor Border Commission Gens “His (Kenesary’s) peacemaking and leadership and activities are efficient. As he becomes more eager and successful in this issue he will gain more people and he will influence Orda; be- 204 Sereda, N., “Bunt Kirgizskogo Sultana Kenesarı Kasımova”, Vestnik Evropy, 1870, August, p. 555.
THE QUESTION OF KAZAKHSTAN’S HISTORY 121 sides he will be dangerous” 205 shows that this situation worried the Russian government. Kenesary also showed effort to establish a regular army. From fugitive soldiers and officers, he learnt the basics of Russian military tactics. He divided his soldiers into ten, hundred, and thousand, according to the old Turkish system, and assigned well-known captains and majors of Military Board as their commanders. But it is a sad truth and rightfully reproachable that Khan Kenesary harmed Kazakh villages even if they cooperated or not, guilty or not. It is understood that Kenesary did not comprehend properly the political and diplomatic meaning of the new Kyrgyz entity, created under the leadership of Ormon Khan in Kyrgyz lands. Conclusion In his studies E. Bekmakhanov proved that contrary to the propaganda of Soviet-era ideology, the inclusion of Kazakhstan into Russia did not happen by their will but with the use of military force through an occupation policy. This showed that apart from the economic damage it caused Kazakh society, colonization also played an important role in the dismemberment of the Kazakh Khanate. He pointed out the fact that with the “divide and rule” policy, the Czarist government provoked Kazakh society towards each other and deepened the on-going clash. In addition to this, he did not ignore the progressive ways of the inclusion of Kazakhstan into Russia; he has stated that this has influenced positively the health and education sectors, adopting sedentary life, and the recovery in trade. He described the uprising against colonizing policy of Czarist Russia under the leadership of Kenesary as national struggle and drew attention to the important role of the rebellion in the development of national consciousness of the society. Nevertheless, we can say that he both criticized the wrong dimensions of Kenesary’s policy and underlined that this uprising became an example for subsequent civil upheaval. 205 Bekmakhanov. E. Kazahstan v 20-40 gody XIX. veka, Almaty, 1992 edition, p. 291.
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THE SOVIET HISTORIOGRAPHY AND THE QUESTION OF KAZAKHSTAN’S HISTORY

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