THE SOVIET HISTORIOGRAPHY AND THE QUESTION OF KAZAKHSTAN’S HISTORY

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86 THE SOVIET HISTORIOGRAPHY AND private property. 135 In another section of the book, it is indicated that the families of those who helped to suppress Kenesary’s and similar uprisings, to be exempted from taxes. 136 Research of Kenesary Kasymuly’s activities have increased and become one of the important issues after the independence. Kenesary Kasymuly was now regarded as a Khan, elected by three jüzes and a hero who fought against the Russian colonization. Kenesary’s features as a military leader and a politician were highlighted. It was emphasized that Kenesary was respected and loved by the people, because he struggled for the people. 137 Nevertheless, Januzak Kasymbayev, Kazak historian, considered that Kenesary movement could not reach the masses in an absolute level, as there were the Kazak clan leaders and administrators that believed and called the people to live in peace and harmony under the Russian domination. 138 Whereas, Ermukhan Bekmakhanov mentioned that the masses from all 3 jüzes of the Kazaks supported Kenesary’s leadership and participated in his revolt, even if not all the time and in the same amounts. 139 Although Bekmakhanov had to edit his discourse of Kenesary movements after the harsh criticisms, concentration camp sentence, and the realities of his time, the author’s evaluations shed light on the Kazak historians after the independence. Furthermore, such historians of independent Kazakstan as Edige Valikhanov, Sattar Mazhitov and Vil’ Galiyev have written this topic in detail, with new perspectives and methods, and their works constitute significance. Sattar Mazhitov, in his article titled “Kenesary Kasymov i Ermukhan Bekmakhanov v kontekste ideologicheskoi arkhitektoniki totalitarizma” (Kenesary Kasymov and Ermukhan Bekmakhanov in the Context of Ideological Architectonics of Totalitarianism), revealed interesting similarities of the fates of Bekmakhanov and Kenesary at various periods. In addition, Mazhitov stated that while investigating Kenesary Kasymuly topic, Ermukhan Bekmakhanov’s stenographies of the defenses of the master’s and doctoral theses, held in Moscow, should be used as the sources. Regarding the discussion about Kenesary issue and 135 Kazak SSR Tarihy (History of Kazak SSR). Almaty, 1982, vol. 3, pp. 174-180. 136 Kazak SSR Tarihy (History of Kazak SSR). Almaty, 1982, vol. 3, p. 238. 137 Kazakstan Tarihy köne zamannan büginge deyin (Ocherkter) (History of Kazakstan from Ancient Times till Now). Almaty, 1994, pp. 225-231. 138 Kasymbayev, Januzak. Ob osvoboditel’nom haraktere vosstaniya 1837-1847 gg. (On Liberational Character of the Revolt of 1837-1847). Almaty, 1993, p. 107. 139 Bekmakhanov, Ermukhan. Vosstanie Hana Kenesary (1837-1847) (Kenesary Khan’s Revolt, 1837-1847). Almaty, 1992, p. 12.
THE QUESTION OF KAZAKHSTAN’S HISTORY 87 Kazak-Kyrgyz relations, Sattar Mazhitov cited famous Kazak writer Mukhtar Awezov’s classic answer: “When Kenesary unites the Kazaks and Kyrgyzs against the Russian Empire and Central Asian Khans, I am in favor of Kenesary, but when he shed our brothers’ (Kyrgyzs’) blood, I vigorously condemn”. 140 Edige Valikhanov, in the article co-authored with A.L. Krivkov “K voprosu ob izuchenii problem istorii Kazakstana novogo vremeni” (On The Problems of Studying Contemporary History of Kazakstan), mentioned how they had been examining Kenesary Kasymuly movement in the light of new methods and new perspectives. They paid special attention to re-examine the military operations and regional toponyms, carefully and in details. 141 Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, dissertations have been prepared related to Kenesary movement and studies. In the thesis prepared in Kazakstan by Zhaniya Kusainova, entitled İstoriyografiya natsional’no-osvoboditel’nogo dvizheniya pod predvoditel’stvom Kenesary Kasymova (1837-1847 gg.) (Historiography of the National Liberation Movement led by Kenesary Kasymov in 1837-1847), the author elaborated the historical process of studying this issue. Furthermore, she underlined Kenesary Kasymuly’s roles as a khan, military commander, diplomat and politician in the struggle against the Russian occupation and his efforts of reviving the Kazak Khanate. In the thesis, it is widely covered how this issue reflected in the Russian historiography. 142 Another thesis entitled Uchastie sibirskogo kazachestva v podavlenii natsional’no-osvoboditel’nogo dvizheniya kazakhskogo naroda pod predvoditel’stvom sultanov Sarjana i Kenesary Kasymovykh (1824-1847 gg.) (Participation of the Siberian Cossacks in Suppressing the National Liberation Movement of the Kazaks Led by Sarjan and Kenesary Kasymovs, 1824-1847) was prepared by Hadisha Aubakirova. In the thesis, the role of the Siberian Cossacks in the colonization of the Kazak 140 Mazhitov, Sattar. “Kenesary Kasymov i Ermukhan Bekmakhanov v kontekste ideologicheskoy arhitektoniki totalitarizma” (Kenesary Kasymov and Ermukhan Bekmakhanov in the Context of Ideological Architectonics of Totalitarianism), http://www.iie.freenet.kz/ indexnews.php?subaction=showfull&id=1113449133&archive=&start_from=&ucat=3& (Accessed October 2006). 141 Valikhanov, Edige and A.L. Krivkov. “K voprosu ob izuchenii problem istorii Kazahstana novogo vremeni” (On the Issue of Studying the Problem of Modern History of Kazakstan). http://www.iie.kz/pages/194.jsp (Accessed October 2006, October 2015). 142 Kusainova, Janiya. İstoriyografiya natsional’no-osvoboditel’nogo dvijeniya pod predvoditel’stvom Kenesary Kasymova (1837-1847 gg.) (Historiography of National Liberation Movement Led by Kenesary Kasymov, 1837-1847). (Cand.) Diss., Supervisor: S. F. Mazhitov. Almaty, 2000, http://cheloveknauka.com/istoriografiya-natsionalno-osvoboditelnogo-dvizheniya-pod-predvoditelstvom-kenesary-kasymova-1837-1847-gg (Accessed October 2015).
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CONTENTS 11 ERMUKHAN BEKMAKHANOV AN
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