THE SOVIET HISTORIOGRAPHY AND THE QUESTION OF KAZAKHSTAN’S HISTORY

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88 THE SOVIET HISTORIOGRAPHY AND steppes was mentioned. Besides, the movements of the Sultans Kasym, Sarjan and Kenesary; the participation of the Cossacks in the struggles against the Kazaks and military structure of the Kazaks during Kenesary Kasymuly were analyzed. 143 Kenesary Kasymuly issue was also investigated as a thesis within the Russian Federation. Indeed, Russian Policies regarding Kenesary Kasymov Revolt 1837-1847: Regional Aspect, the thesis prepared by Alexey Aseev was defended in 2004, in Barnaul. In this thesis, Russian policies towards Kenesary movement were evaluated in four stages. 144 Aseev’s interpretation of Kenesary movement is different from theses and opinions in Kazakstan. To sum up, the assessment of Kenesary Kasymuly movement has varied depending from the territories, periods and regimes. The revolt was regarded negatively during Tsarist time, because Kenesary fought against Tsarist Russia’s expansionist policies and regulations. During the Soviet Union, if the context discredits, criticizes and judges the Tsarist regime and feudal structure, it did not contradict the Soviet ideological framework. However, Kenesary movement had the nature of a mass struggle and was supported by all Kazak jüzes; therefore, it meant a movement for national independence. This state carries both national and anti-Russian features; therefore, Kenesary uprising did not fit to the socialist format; because the Soviet ideology considers anti-Tsarist movement and struggle against Russian hegemony as different concepts. For this reason, Kenesary Kasymuly as a personality was evaluated as a brutal one who cares about his own interests, and an active resistance led by Kenesary was assessed as a reactionary, feudal, monarchical and as a harmful act. After the end of the Soviet regime and the independence is reached, Kenesary is re-evaluated as a Khan and the hero, and his movement re-visited as a national 143 Aubakirova, Hadisha. Uchastie sibirskogo kazachestva v podavlenii natsional’no-osvoboditel’nogo dvizheniya kazakhskogo naroda pod predvoditel’stvom sultanov Sarjana i Kenesary Kasymovykh (1824-1847 gg.) (Participation of the Siberian Cossacks in Suppressing the National Liberation Movement of the Kazaks Led by Sarjan and Kenesary Kasymovs, 1824-1847). (Cand.) Diss., Supervisor: Amangeldi Kusainov. Astana, 2000. http://irbis.push- kinlibrary.kz/cgi-bin/irbis64r_13/cgiirbis_64.exe?LNG=&Z21ID=&I21DBN=KNRUS&P21DB- N=KNRUS&S21STN=1&S21REF=5&S21FMT=fullwebr&C21COM=S&S21CNR=10&S21P0 1=0&S21P02=1&S21P03=A=&S21STR=%D0%90%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA% D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0,%20%D0%A5.%20%D0%90 (Accessed October 2015). 144 Aseev, Aleksey. Politika Rossii v otnoshenii vosstaniya Kenesary Kasymova 1837- 1847 gg.: Regional’nyi aspect (Russian Policies regarding Kenesary Kasymov Revolt 1837- 1847: Regional Aspect). (Cand.) Diss., Supervisor: V.A. Moiseev. Barnaul, 2004. http:// www.dissercat.com/content/politika-rossii-v-otnoshenii-vosstaniya-kenesary-kasymova-1837-1847-gg-regionalnyi-aspekt (Accessed October 2015).
THE QUESTION OF KAZAKHSTAN’S HISTORY 89 independence movement. It is not clear yet how the studies regarding Kenesary Kasymuly would be shaped in the future. As it is seen in the example of Kenesary, assessments of the personalities and their activities in history, such contrasting concepts as heroes and enemies that usually appears on the two extreme edges, can be changed and re-placed quickly. The two distant concepts may become close to each other. As a result, the hero may suddenly become an enemy; the enemy can become a hero. Indeed, as Ibrahim Kalkan wrote, “Kenesary, who was known as a hero for generations and about whom epics were sang in the Kazak society, was taught as a people’s enemy to Kazak students in the textbooks over the years”. 145 Another interesting detail is the similarity between the fates of Kenesary and Bekmakhanov. Actually both of them were defeated due to internal enemies. Ermukhan Bekmakhanov, whose work is assessed as the first professional work on the history of Kazakstan, was almost the first historian to evaluate Kenesary and his movement positively in the Soviet Union. Because of this work, the author had enormous difficulties and challenges, investigation and prosecution. Bekmakhanov’s period coincided with the period when history was shaped to the ideological foundations, in accordance with the Marxist, Leninist and Stalinist principles and criteria. Bekmakhanov’s difference from other historians was that he published the results of his in-depth research regardless of ideological borders of the period. While writing the history, historical topic, writing process and the author, all of them have permanently become history themselves. This historical process, experienced criticisms, questionings, prosecution, had affected negatively historian’s health and life for sure. The role of Ermukhan Bekmakhanov and his works are great in taking the place in the history of Kenesary Kasymuly and his activities. In addition, Bekmakhanov has influenced the perspectives of history writing of the independence era as well, and has left a permanent mark in history. 145 Kalkan, İbrahim. “Halk Düşmanı mı, Halk Kahramanı mı? Sovyet Tarihçiliğinin İkilemi” (People’s Enemy or People’s Hero? Dilemma of the Soviet Historiography), Stalin ve Türk Dünyası (Stalin and Turkic World), edp. Emine Gürsoy-Naskali and Liaisan Şahin. İstanbul, 2007, p. 286.
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THE SOVIET HISTORIOGRAPHY AND THE QUESTION OF KAZAKHSTAN’S HISTORY

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