THE SOVIET HISTORIOGRAPHY AND THE QUESTION OF KAZAKHSTAN’S HISTORY

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212 THE SOVIET HISTORIOGRAPHY AND murdered or arrested during the Stalin-period, even after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Therefore, the life stories of the intellectuals who were either murdered or arrested during the Stalin-period are written sans detail. 401 It was not likely for the intellectuals to complete their works or articles and embroider them with images, letters, and other official documents. Only after 1991 did some images and letters began to reappear from the drawers, from under mattresses, and pits in the backyards. Honestly, these items typically drew little attention from anybody except family members. The returnees from the labour camps could mention only little about the violence and torture they suffered in the camps. To recall the bad memories or to speak negative words about the Soviet authorities would lead to extra punishments. Thus, the best way was to maintain silence and keep a record of the memories in the brain. 402 In subsequent years, victims and survivors of the camps were suspect because of their very survival. For example, one of the most prominent Bashkir-Tatar intellectuals, Seyfi Kudaş was frequently accused being a survivor. The survival in the camps was strictly related to the self-survival and generally juxtaposed against another’s downfall. Since most of the documents of intellectuals arrested or murdered during this period are kept in the archives of the Russian Federation Intelligence Agency (formerly KGB, now FSB), and only former USSR countries’ scholars are allowed to research in these archives, to utilize these documents is impossible. 403 Non-USSR scholars have to rely on the research of USSR scholars. However, it is extremely difficult to attain a research permit even in ordinary state archives in Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan; that is, even dreaming of a research permit about these 401 For example, Tatar author Muhammet Gaynullin, in Tatar Edipleri (Kazan 1978), mentioned some of the authors killed in Stalin-period in the years 1937-1938; however, he included no data on their later years or their fates. He could only include their date of death. Muhammet Gaynullin undoubtedly wanted to write the truth down; however, it was not the right time. Selam Alişev who edited Turkish World’s first historian with diploma Aziz Ubeydullin’s works wrote the unjust arrest and death of Aziz Ubeydullin in (Tarihi Sahifeler Açılganda, Kazan 1989)’s introduction; however, he failed to provide information on the details of the calamity. We do not know whether he did so because of the lack of available data or because of fear. 402 For the stories of camp-survivors, see: Figes, Orlando, Karanlıkta Fısıldaşanlar (Trans. Nurettin Elhüseyni), İstanbul 2011. 403 Aşnin, F. D., Alpatov V. M. and Nasilov D. M. “Who Worked in the Intelligence Archives of the Russian Federation, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan”, Repressirovannaya Tyurkologiya, Moscow 2002. Attaining research permit from the aforementioned countries’ intelligence archives should have made other researchers envious.
THE QUESTION OF KAZAKHSTAN’S HISTORY 213 countries’ intelligence archives is out of the question. Although these aforementioned countries’ intelligence archives contain exceedingly rich documents about the Stalin-period, even walking in front of these buildings requires courage. Under these circumstances, writing the biographies of the intellectuals arrested or murdered during this period is impossible. Biographies written in the light of available data and documents remain quite superficial. BIBLIOGRAPHY Aşnin, F. D., Alpatov V. M. and Nasilov D. M. “Who Worked in the Intelligence Archives of the Russian Federation, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan”, Repressirovannaya Tyurkologiya, Moscow 2002. Figes, Orlando, Karanlıkta Fısıldaşanlar (trans. Nurettin Elhüseyni), İstanbul 2011. Kolıma Mahkumları (narrated by Yusuf Özçoban), Konya 2013. Memmedova, Şefiqe, Soykırım Analardan Başlanır, Bakü 2003. Rokıya Devletkildi: Bir Tatar Hatınının Açı Yazmışı (edited by İsmail Türkoğlu), Kazan 2005.
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CONTENTS 11 ERMUKHAN BEKMAKHANOV AN
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THE SOVIET HISTORIOGRAPHY AND THE QUESTION OF KAZAKHSTAN’S HISTORY

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